Tomas De Aquino
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Linya 13:
* Mga Kasalukuyang Pinagkakaabalahan
:: Pitong Araw ng Linggo: [[Lunes]], [[Martes]], [[Miyerkules]], [[Huwebes]], [[Biyernes]], [[Sabado]], [[Linggo]]
*Pagsubok*
{{about|general religious issues|Christian teachings|Son of man (Christianity)|Jewish teachings|Son of man (Judaism)|other usage|Son of man (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Joseph Athias, Bible, 1667 2.jpg|thumb|Front page of a 17th-century [[Hebrew Bible]] by [[Joseph Athias]], now at [[Beth Hatefutsoth]], Israel]]
"'''Son of man'''" is the translation of various Hebrew and Greek phrases used in both the [[Tanakh]] and the [[New Testament]]. In Judaism it refers to normal human beings. In Christianity it is a title given to Jesus. Christians also believe that the Son of Man is a prophesied spiritual divine transcendental ruler who are referred to in the Old Testament; equivalent of the immanent Christ seed, Anthropos, referred to in the New Testament.
The Hebrew expression "son of man" (בן–אדם i.e. ben-'adam) appears one hundred and seven times in the [[Hebrew Bible]].<ref name=Brom574 >''The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Q-Z'' by Geoffrey W. Bromiley (Jan 31, 1995) ISBN 0802837840 page 574</ref> This is the most common Hebrew construction for the singular but is used mostly in Ezekiel (93 times) and 14 times elsewhere.<ref name=Hurtado290/> In thirty two cases the phrase appears in intermediate plural form "sons of men", i.e. human beings.<ref name=Brom574 /> As generally interpreted by Jews, it denotes humankind generally.
In the [[Koine Greek]] of the [[New Testament]], "the son of man" is invariably used as "ὁ υἱὸς τοὺ ἀνθρώπου" with a definite article. The use of the [[definite article]] in "the son of man" in the [[Canonical gospel|Christian gospels]] is novel, and before its use there, no records of its use in any of the surviving Greek documents of antiquity exist.<ref name=Hurtado290/> [[Geza Vermes]] has stated that "the Son of man" in the Christian gospels is unrelated to Hebrew Bible usages.<ref>Vermes, Geza, Jesus in his Jewish context. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. p. 82. ISBN 0-8006-3623-6.</ref>
In [[Son of man (Christianity)|Christian usage]], unlike the [[Son of God]] title, which has been an essential element of [[Christian creeds]] since the [[Apostolic age]], the proclamation of "Jesus as the Son of man" has never been an article of faith in [[Christianity]].<ref name=Higgins13 >''Jesus and the Son of Man'' by A J B Higgins 2002 ISBN 0-227-17221-3 pages 13-15</ref> The interpretation of the use of "the Son of man" in the New Testament has remained challenging and after 150 years of debate no consensus on the issue has emerged among scholars.<ref name=Dunn724 >''Jesus Remembered: Christianity in the Making'' by James D. G. Dunn (Jul 29, 2003) ISBN 0802839312 pages 724-725</ref><ref name=Delbert3>''The Son of Man Debate: A History and Evaluation'' by Delbert Royce Burkett (Jan 28, 2000) Cambridge Univ Press ISBN 0521663067 pages 3-5</ref>
==Judaism==
{{Main|Son of man (Judaism)}}
The Hebrew expression "son of man" (בן–אדם i.e. ben-'adam) appears one hundred and seven times in the [[Jewish Bible]].<ref name=Brom574 /> This is the most common Hebrew construction for the singular and appears 93 times in Ezekiel alone and 14 times elsewhere.<ref name=Hurtado290/> In thirty two cases the phrase appears in intermediate plural form "sons of men", i.e. human beings.<ref name=Brom574 />
In the [[Hebrew Bible]], the first place one comes across the phrase ''son of man'' is in [[Book of Numbers]] 23:19:
In the [[Book of Job]], we see ''son of man'' used a total of three times (all of which, interestingly enough, fall within poetic passages):
[[File:Psalms scroll.PNG|thumb|left|180px|A scroll of the [[Book of Psalms]]]]
In the [[Book of Psalms]] we find the same classical forms employed in [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] and [[Book of Job|Job]], in which ''son of man'' is used in parallel with ''man'' to describe humanity as a whole.
The [[Book of Ezekiel]] is unique in the tradition of the [[Tanakh]] in that, as the story unfolds, the phrase ''son of man'' is used approximately 94 times by a divine being to refer to the author. ''Son of man'' here appears to be a title referring to the humanity of the author, much as the word "human" might be used in English. It is not a respectful appellation, but a humbling one (in some cases, an arguably abject one), and this use is a consistent pattern throughout Ezekiel.
In the [[Book of Daniel]], parts of the text were originally written in [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]]. This portion of the volume (7:13-14) deals with a vision attributed to the author about "the times of the end". In the context of Daniel passages, the use of ''son of man'' is more consistent with the concept of self-reflection. It has been argued that "there came with the clouds of the sky 'one like a son of man'" describes one "like a human being" or "one like [himself]."
The passage in {{Bibleref|Daniel|7:13|JPR}} occurs in Biblical Aramaic and it certainly implies a "human being." Many (Christian) interpretations have tried to read a messianic allusion into this verse, "but in all probability the reference is to an angel with a human appearance, perhaps Michael."<ref name="JE sonofman"/>
As generally interpreted by Jews, "son of man" denotes mankind generally in contrast to deity, with special reference to their weakness and frailty ({{Bibleref|Job|25:6|JPR}}; {{Bibleref|Psalms|8:4|JPR}}; {{Bibleref|Psalms|144:3|JPR}}; {{Bibleref|Psalms|146:3|JPR}}; {{Bibleref|Isaiah|51:12|JPR}}, etc.).<ref name="JE sonofman">{{cite web|title=SON OF MAN|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13913-son-of-man|work=Jewish Encyclopedia|publisher=JewishEncyclopedia.com|accessdate=19 August 2013}}</ref><ref name=JEWISH-CHRISTIANITY>{{cite book|last=Berger|first=David|title=Jews and "Jewish Christianity"|year=1978|publisher=KTAV Publ. House|location=[New York]|isbn=0-87068-675-5|page=3. JESUS AND GOD|coauthors=Wyschogrod, Michael}}</ref> And the term "ben adam" is but a formal substitute for the personal pronoun or maybe a title given to the prophet [[Ezekiel]], probably to remind him of his human weakness.<ref name="JE sonofman"/>
===Post biblical literature===
In post-biblical Jewish literature the most common use is similar to that of the English word "human." For example in [[Genesis Apocryphon|1QapGen.]] XXI.13: MT שיא (Gen. 13.16), it certainly connotes a "human being."
"Among Jews the term "son of man" was not used as the specific title of the Messiah. The New Testament expression ὅ ὑιὸς τοῦ ἀνθρόπου is a translation of the Aramaic "bar nasha," and as such could have been understood only as the substitute for a personal pronoun, or as emphasizing the human qualities of those to whom it is applied. That the term does not appear in any of the [[Pauline epistles|epistles]] ascribed to [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]] is significant."<ref name="JE sonofman"/>
"In the Gospels the title occurs eighty-one times. Most of the recent writers (among them being II. Lietzmann) have come to the conclusion that Jesus, speaking Aramaic, could never have designated himself as the "son of man" in a Messianic, mystic sense, because the Aramaic term never implied this meaning."<ref name="JE sonofman">{{cite web|title=SON OF MAN|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13913-son-of-man|work=Jewish Encyclopedia|publisher=JewishEncyclopedia.com|accessdate=19 August 2013}}</ref>
In the Hebrew of Genesis 13:16, the word translated as בר אנוש (son of man) was איש (man).
==Christianity==
{{Main|Son of man (Christianity)}}
[[File:BambergApocalypseFolio003rAngelWith7Candlesticks.JPG|thumb|180px|The Son of man with a sword among the seven lampstands, in [[John's vision of the Son of Man|John's vision]], from the [[Bamberg Apocalypse]], 11th century.]]
In the [[Koine Greek]] of the [[New Testament]], the term "the son of man" is invariably "ὁ υἱὸς τοὺ ἀνθρώπου", which might be rendered more literally "the son of the human being".
The expression "the Son of Man" occurs 81 times in the four [[Canonical gospel]]s, and is used only in the sayings of Jesus.<ref name=Hurtado290>''Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity'' by [[Larry W. Hurtado]], ISBN 0-8028-3167-2 Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2005 pages 290-293</ref> However, the use of the [[definite article]] in "the Son of Man" in the gospels is novel, and before its use there, there are no records of its use in any of the surviving Greek documents of antiquity.<ref name=Hurtado290/>
For centuries, the [[Christological]] perspective on Son of Man has been a natural counterpart to that of [[Son of God]] and just as Son of God affirms the divinity of Jesus, in many cases Son of man affirms his humanity.<ref name=AMcGrath >''Christian Theology: An Introduction'' by Alister E. McGrath 2010 ISBN 1-4443-3514-6 page 270</ref>
However, while the profession of Jesus as the Son of God has been an essential element of [[Christian creeds]] since the [[Apostolic age]], such professions do not apply to Son of Man and the proclamation of Jesus as the Son of Man has never been an article of faith in [[Christianity]].<ref name="Higgins13"/>
Although Son of Man is distinct from Son of God, some gospel passages equate them in some cases, e.g. in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark#14:61|Mark 14:61]], during the [[Sanhedrin trial of Jesus]] when the high priest asked Jesus: "Are you the Messiah, the Son of the Blessed One?" Jesus responded "I am: and you shall see the Son of man sitting at the right hand of Power, and coming with the clouds of heaven.".<ref name=Kim>"The 'Son of Man'" as the Son of God'' by Seyoon Kim 1983 ISBN 3-16-144705-0 pages 2-3</ref><ref name=Rausch132 >''Who is Jesus?: an introduction to Christology'' by Thomas P. Rausch 2003 ISBN 978-0-8146-5078-3 pages 132-133</ref>
[[James D. G. Dunn]] and separately Delbert Burkett state that the interpretation of the use of "the Son of Man" in the New Testament is a prime example of the limits of biblical interpretation in that after 150 years of debate no consensus on the issue has emerged.<ref name="Dunn724"/><ref name="Delbert3"/>
In {{Bibleref|Daniel|7:13-14|JPR}} a vision is expressed and in the christological interpretation of the vision given later, this figure represents "the saints of the Most High" (Dan 7:16-18, 21-22, 25-27).<ref>[http://books.google.ca/books?id=EcsQknxV-xQC&pg=PA64] An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity, Delbert Royce Burkett</ref> This may also have led to the idea of "'the son of man'," an eschatological Messianic figure, within sectarian Judaism.
==Apocrypha==
===1 Enoch: Book of Parables===
{{Main| Book of Enoch #Book of Parables }}
The first known use of "The Son of Man" as a definite title in Jewish writings comes from the book of 1 Enoch and its use may have played a role in the early Christian understanding and use of the title.<ref name="the_apocrypha_and_pseudepigrapha_of_the_old_testament_volume">{{Cite book | author = Charles, R. H. | title = The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, Volume Two: Pseudepigrapha| url = http://books.google.com/?id=z60UVlN6HgYC&pg=PA185| year = 2004| publisher = Apocryphile Press| location = | isbn = 978-0-9747623-7-1| pages = 185 }}</ref>
===Letters of John of Dalyatha===<!-- This section is linked from [[Son of man (Judaism)]] -->
This is further illustrated within the letters of [[John of Dalyatha]], from the eighth century CE;<ref name="the_letters_of_john_of_dalyatha">{{Cite book | last1 = Hansbury | first1 = Mary | title = The Letters of John of Dalyatha | publisher = Gorgias Press LLC | location = | isbn = 978-1-59333-341-6 | pages = vii }}</ref> where the author is describing a vision:
'''John of Dalyatha ''Letters'' 49. 13'''
<blockquote>
מן בתר הנא שוחלפא אתא בתרה שוחלפא אחרנא דלבשא לה לברנשא נורא מן פסת רגלה ושמדא למוחה דמא דחאר ברנשא הו בה לא חזא לפגרא מרכבא אן להד נורא דלביש
<BR>
After this transformation, there follows another transformation in which fire clothes '''the son of man (ברנשא : [barnasha'])''' from the soles of his feet up to his brain, so that when '''the son of man (ברנשא : [barnasha'])''' looks at himself he does not see his composite body, but only the fire with which he is clothed.</blockquote>
<!-- This section is linked from [[Son of man (Judaism)]] -->According to Christian scholarship, the son of man figure within the Old Testament book of Daniel seems based on ''a Divine'' figure presented in the OT book of Ezekiel.<ref name="the_letters_of_john_of_dalyatha">{{Cite book | last1 = Hansbury | first1 = Mary | title = The Letters of John of Dalyatha | publisher = Gorgias Press LLC | location = | isbn = 978-1-59333-341-6 | pages = xv }}</ref><ref name="life_after_death_a13">{{Cite book | last1 = Segal | first1 = Alan F. | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=owd9zig7i1oC&pg=PA336&| title = Life after death: a history of the afterlife in the religions of the West | year = 2004 | publisher = Doubleday | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-385-42299-4 | pages = 336 }}</ref>
===Book of the Laws of the Countries===<!-- This section is linked from [[Son of man (Judaism)]] -->
The ''[[Book of the Laws of the Countries]]'' is the oldest general discussion of mankind in the Aramaic language, dating from the late second to early third century CE;<ref name="the_book_of_the_laws_of_the_countries_a_dialogue_on_free_wil">{{Cite book | last1 = Lund | first1 = Jerome | title = The Book of the Laws of the Countries: A Dialogue on Free Will Versus Fate: A Key-Word-In-Context Concordance | publisher = Gorgias Press | location = | isbn = 978-1-59333-374-4 | pages = xi }}</ref> and we can see that ברנשא ''bar nasha'' is used in a general form for humanity:
'''Bardaisan, ''The Book of the Laws of the Countries,'' p. 559, lines 11-14:'''
<blockquote>
כינה דברנשא הנו דנתילד ונתרבא ודנקום באקמא ודנולד ודנקש כד אכל וכד שתא וכד דמך וכד מתתששעיר ודמות
<br>
This is the nature '''of the son of man (דברנשא : [debarnasha'])''', that he should be born and grow up and reach his peak and reproduce and grow old, while eating and drinking and sleeping and waking, and that he should die.</blockquote>
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