Mga wikang Austronesyo: Pagkakaiba sa mga binago
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{{Infobox language family
|name=Austronesian
|region=[[Maritimong Timog-Silangang Asya]], [[Oceania|Oseanya]], [[Madagaskar]], [[Taiwan]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Andaman Islands|Andaman archipelago]]
|familycolor=Austronesian
|family=Isa sa mga pangunahing pamilya ng mga wika ng mundo
|protoname=[[Proto-Austronesian language|Proto-Awstronesyo]]
|child1 = [[Rukai language|Rukai]] ([[Formosan languages|Pormosyano]])
|child2 = [[Tsou language|Tsou]] ([[Formosan languages|Pormosyano]])
|child3 = [[Puyuma language|Puyuma]] ([[Formosan languages|Pormosyano]])
|child4 = Nuclear Austronesian<br /> Iba pang [[Formosan languages|mga wikang Pormosyano]] <br /> (higit pang mga pangunahing sanga)<br /> [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayopolinesyo]]
|iso2=map
|iso5=map
|glotto=aust1307
|glottorefname=Austronesian
|map=Austroneske jazyky.jpg
|mapcaption=Distribusyon ng mga wikang Awstronesyo
}}
Ang mga '''wikang Austronesyo''' o '''Awstronesyo''' ([[Wikang Espanyol]]: ''len·guas aus·tro·ne·sias''; [[Ingles]]: ''Austronesian languages'') ay isang [[pamilyang wika]] na malayang nakakalat sa mga kapuluan ng [[Timog-Silangang Asya]] at ng [[Pasipiko]], na may ibang kasapi ginagamit sa mismong kontinente ng [[Asya]]. Katulad siya ng mga mag-anak na wikang [[Mga wikang Indo-Europeo|Indo-Europeo]], [[Mga wikang Apro-Asyatiko|Apro-Asyatiko]], at [[Mga wikang Uraliko|Uraliko]] bilang isa sa mga tanging establisadong mga sinaunang pamilyang wika. Ang pangalang '''Awstronesyo''' ay nagmula sa [[Wikang Latin|Lating]] ''auster'' (hangin mula sa timog), at ng [[Wikang Griyego|Griyegong]] ''nêsos'' (pulo). Ang naturang pamilya ay pinangalanan bilang sa pangmadlang ng mga wikang Awstronesyo na ginagamit sa mga kapuluan: ngunit may mga wika tulad ng [[Wikang Malay|Malay]] at mga [[Wikang Tsamiko]], na katutubo sa mismong kontinente ng Asya. Karamihan sa mga wikang Awstronesyo ay kaunting katutubong tagapagsalita, ngunit ang mga [[Tala ng mga wikang Awstronesyo|pangunahing wikang Awstronesyo]] ay ginagamit ng milyun-milyong katao. Si [[Otto Dempwolff]], isang Alemang iskolar, ay ang unang tagapagsaliksik na malayong nassaliksik ang Awstronesyo ayon sa tradisyonal na [[paraang paghahambing]].
Line 7 ⟶ 22:
Ang pamilyang Awstronesyo ay may maraming pangunahing sanga, maliban sa isa na matatagpuan lamang sa [[Taywan]]. Ang [[mga wikang Pormosyano]] ng Taiwan ay ipinangkat bilang kasingdami ng siyam na unang subgrupo ng Awstronesyo. Ang lahat ng wikang Awstronesyo na ginagamit sa labas ng Taiwan (kasama ang [[Wikang Yami]]) ay nabibilang sa sangang [[Mga wikang Malayo-Polinesyo|Malayo-Polinesyo]], na minsan ding tinatawag na ''Extrapormosyano''.
Marami sa mga wikang Awstronesyo ang nagungulang ng mahabang kasaysayan ng nakasulat na atestasyon (patotoo ng pag-iral). Ang pinakalumang inskripsyon sa [[wikang Tsam]], ang [[Inskripsyong Đông Yên Châu]], na tinatayang naisagawa noong ika-6 na siglo sa pinakahuli nito, ay ang unang patotoo rin ng isang wikang Awstronesyo.
==Kabalangkasan==
[[Talaksan:Malayo-Polynesian.svg|300px|thumb|right|Mga bansang Malayo-Polinesyo]]
[[Talaksan:Oceanic languages.svg|300px|thumb|right|Mga bansang Oseaniko]]
Sadyang mahirap ang pagbigay ng tuntuning panlahat ng tungkol sa wika na ganap na diberso katulad ng Awstronesyo. Sa pangakalahatan, mahahati ang Awstronesyo sa tatlong pangkat ng mga wika: Pilipino (''Philippine type''), Indonesyo at Post-Indonesyo. Nabibilang sa unang pangkat, bukod sa mga wika ng [[Pilipinas]], ang mga wikang Awstronesyo ng Taiwan, Sabah, hilagang Sulawesi at Madagaskar. Pangunahing mayroong katangian ang mga iyon ng pagpapanatili ng orihinal na sistemang ''[[Awstronesyong pagkakahanay|Philippine-type voice alternations]]'' kung saan karaniwang binibigyang-tiyak ng mga tatlo o apat na tinig kung aling semantiko ang binibigyang-papel ang "paksa" na binibigyang-pahayag (maaaring bigyang-pahayag ang tagagawa, ang binibigyang-gawa, ang kinaroroonan at ang benepisyaryo, o iba pang mga pangkalagayang ganap katulad ng mga instrumento o kaugnay).
Nagagamit din sa mga wikang Awstronesyo ang tinatawag na "reduplikasyon" (pag-uulit ng lahat o bahagi ng isang salita, katulad ng ''wiki-wiki'' o ''[[Agar|agar-agar]]'', o dahan-dahan), at, katulad ng karamihan sa mga wika ng [[Silangang Asya|Silangan]] at [[Timog-silangang Asya]], karamihan ay mayroong mahigpit na mataas na [[ponotaktiko]], na kalimitang mayroong munting bilang ng mga [[ponema]] at nakakaraming mga pantig na katinig-patinig. Matatag o estable naman ang ilan sa mga kognado.
==Leksiko==
Naitatag ang pamilya ng wikang Awstronesyo ng mga pamamaraang paghahambing na linggwistiko batay sa mga kognado, pangkat ng mga salitang magkakawangis sa tunog at kahulugan na nagpapahiwatig na nagmula ang mga iyon mula sa parehong salitang ansestral sa [[Wikang Proto-Awstronesyo|Proto-Awstronesyo]] ayon sa pagkalahatang alituntunin. Ang salita para sa ''mata'' sa mga wikang Awstronesyo ay '''mata''' rin (karamihan sa mga wikang Awstronesyo sa bandang hilaga, mga [[Mga wikang Pormosyano|wikang Pormosyano]] katulad ng [[Wikang Bunan|Bunun]] at [[Wikang Amis|Amis]] at papunta na sa katimugan na [[Wikang Maori|Maori]]). Mahirap din namang isagawa ang rekonstruksyon (pagmuling-tatag) ng ibang mga salita. Estable rin ang salita para sa ''dalawa'', na siyang nalitaw sa halos kabuuan ng pamilyang Awstronesyo, ngunit ang ilan sa mga anyo (hal. [[Wikang Bunun|Bunun]] '''rusya''', '''lusha'''; [[Wikang Amis|Amis]] '''tusa'''; [[Wikang Māori|Maori]] '''tahi''', '''rua''') ay nangangailangan ng kadalubhasaang pang-aghamwika upang mabigyang-kilanlan.
==Klasipikasyon==
Masikot at mahirap unawain ang panloobang kaanyuan ng mga wikang Awstronesyo. Binubuo ang pamilyang ito ng pare-pareho at magkakalapit na magkakaugnay na mga wika na may mga malalaking bilang ng tinatawag na ''[[dialect continuum]]'', na nagpapahirap sa hangganan ng mga pagitan ng mga sanga ng pamilya. Ganoon pa man, malinaw na ang pinakamalaking dibersidad na pang-akan (henealohiko) ay makikita sa [[mga wikang Pormosyano]] ng Taiwan, at ang pinakamunting dibersidad naman sa mga kapuluan sa Pasipiko, na nagbibigay-batid ng pagkaka-kalat ng pamilya na mula sa Tsina o Taiwan.
==Pagkakahambing==
Nasa bandang ibaba ang tsart ng komparasyon ng mga wika Awstronesyo.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | Tagalog (Filipino)
! style="background:#efefef;" | isa
! style="background:#efefef;" | dalawa
! style="background:#efefef;" | tatlo
! style="background:#efefef;" | apat
! style="background:#efefef;" | tao
! style="background:#efefef;" | bahay
! style="background:#efefef;" | aso
! style="background:#efefef;" | daan
! style="background:#efefef;" | araw
! style="background:#efefef;" | bago
! style="background:#efefef;" | tayo (kata)
! style="background:#efefef;" | ano
! style="background:#efefef;" | apoy
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Tetum|Tetum]]'''
|ida
|rua
|tolu
|haat
|ema
|uma
|asu
|dalan
|loron
|foun
|ita
|saida
|ahi
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Amis|Amis]]'''
|cecay
|tosa
|tolo
|sepat
|tamdaw
|luma
|wacu
|lalan
|cidal
|faroh
|kita
|uman
|namal
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Puyuma|Puyuma]]'''
|sa
|dua
|telu
|pat
|taw
|rumah
|soan
|dalan
|wari
|vekar
|mi
|amanai
|apue,<br />asi
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Bikol Rinconada|Rinconada Bikol]]'''
|əsad
|darwā
|tolō
|əpat
|tawō
|baləy
|ayam
|raran
|aldəw
|bāgo
|kitā
|onō
|kalayō
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Cebuano|Cebuano]]'''
|usa,<br />isa
|duha
|tulo
|upat
|tawo
|balay
|iro
|dalan
|adlaw
|bag-o
|kita
|unsa
|kalayo
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Waray|Waray]]'''
|usa
|duha
|tulo
|upat
|tawo
|balay
|ayam,<br />ido
|dalan
|adlaw
|bag-o
|kita
|anu
|kalayo
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Hiligaynon|Hiligaynon]]'''
|isa
|duha
|tatlo
|apat
|tawo
|balay
|ido
|dalan
|adlaw
|bag-o
|kita
|ano
|kalayo
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Aklanon|Aklanon]]'''
|isaea,<br />sambilog
|daywa
|tatlo
|ap-at
|tawo
|baeay
|ayam
|dayan
|adlaw
|bag-o
|kita
|ano
|kaeayo
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Kinaray-a|Kinaray-a]]'''
|sara
|darwa
|tatlo
|apat
|tawo
|balay
|ayam
|aragyan
|adlaw
|bag-o
|kita
|ano
|kalayo
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Tausug|Tausug]]'''
|hambuuk
|duwa
|tu
|upat
|tau
|bay
|iru'
|dan
|adlaw
|ba-gu
|kitaniyu
|unu
|kayu
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Maranao|Maranao]]'''
|isa
|dowa
|t'lo
|phat
|taw
|walay
|aso
|lalan
|gawi'e
|bago
|tano
|tonaa
|apoy
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Kapampangan|Kapampangan]]'''
|metung
|adwa
|atlu
|apat
|tau
|bale
|asu
|dalan
|aldo
|bayu
|ikatamu
|nanu
|api
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Pangasinan|Pangasinense]]'''
|sakey
|dua,<br />duara
|talo,<br />talora
|apat,<br />apatira
|too
|abong
|aso
|dalan
|ageo
|balo
|sikatayo
|anto
|pool
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Ilokano|Ilokano]]'''
|maysa
|dua
|tallo
|uppat
|tao
|balay
|aso
|dalan
|aldaw
|baro
|datayo
|ania
|apoy
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Ivatan|Ivatan]]'''
|asa
|dadowa
|tatdo
|apat
|tao
|vahay
|chito
|rarahan
|araw
|va-yo
|yaten
|ango
|apoy
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Ibanag|Ibanag]]'''
|tadday
|dua
|tallu
|appa'
|tolay
|balay
|kitu
|dalan
|aggaw
|bagu
|sittam
|anni
|afi
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Yogad|Yogad]]'''
|tata
|addu
|tallu
|appat
|tolay
|binalay
|atu
|daddaman
|agaw
|bagu
|sikitam
|gani
|afuy
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Gaddang|Gaddang]]'''
|antet
|addwa
|tallo
|appat
|tolay
|balay
|atu
|dallan
|aw
|bawu
|ikkanetam
|sanenay
|afuy
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Tboli|Tboli]]'''
|sotu
|lewu
|tlu
|fat
|tau
|gunu
|ohu
|lan
|kdaw
|lomi
|tekuy
|tedu
|ofih
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Malay|Malay]]'''
|satu
|dua
|tiga<ref>In Kedukan Bukit inscription appears the numeral Tlu ratus as Three hundred, Tlu as Three, in http://www.wordsense.eu/telu/ the word Telu is referred as Three in Malay and Indonesian Language although the use of Telu is very rare.</ref>
|empat
|orang
|rumah,<br />balai
|anjing
|jalan
|hari
|baru
|kita
|apa,<br />anu
|api
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Lumang Habanes|Lumang Habanes]]'''
|esa,<br />tunggal
|rwa,<br />kalih
|tĕlu,<br />tiga
|pat,<br />sakawan<ref>s.v. kawan, ''Old Javanese-English Dictionary'', P.J. Zoetmulder and Stuart Robson, 1982</ref>
|wwang
|umah
|asu
|dalan
|dina
|hañar, añar<ref>s.v. hañar, ''Old Javanese-English Dictionary'', P.J. Zoetmulder and Stuart Robson, 1982</ref>
|kami<ref>s.v. kami, this could mean both first person singular and plural, ''Old Javanese-English Dictionary'', P.J. Zoetmulder and Stuart Robson, 1982</ref>
|apa,<br />aparan
|apuy,<br />agni
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Habanes|Habanes]]'''
|siji,<br />setunggal
|loro,<br />kalih
|tĕlu,<br />tiga<ref name="ReferenceA">''Javanese English Dictionary'', Stuart Robson and Singgih Wibisono, 2002</ref>
|papat,<br />sekawan
|uwong,<br />tiyang,<br />priyantun<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
|omah,<br />griya,<br />dalem<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
|asu,<br />sĕgawon
|dalan,<br />gili<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
|dina,<br />dinten<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
|anyar,<br />énggal<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
|awaké dhéwé,<br />kula panjenengan<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
|apa,<br />punapa<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
|gĕni,<br />latu,<br />brama<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Sundanes|Sundanes]]'''
|hiji
|dua
|tilu
|opat
|urang
|imah
|anjing
|jalan
|poe
|anyar,<br />enggal
|arurang
|naon
|seuneu
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Acehnes|Acehnes]]'''
|sa
|duwa
|lhèë
|peuët
|ureuëng
|rumoh,<br />balèë
|asèë
|ret
|uroë
|barô
|(geu)tanyoë
|peuë
|apuy
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Minangkabau|Minangkabau]]'''
|ciek
|duo
|tigo
|ampek
|urang
|rumah
|anjiang
|labuah,<br />jalan
|hari
|baru
|awak
|apo
|api
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Lampung|Lampung]]'''
|sai
|khua
|telu
|pak
|jelema
|lamban
|kaci
|ranlaya
|khani
|baru
|kham
|api
|apui
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Bugines language|Bugines]]'''
|sedi
|dua
|tellu
|eppa
|tau
|bola
|asu
|lalen
|esso
|baru
|idi
|aga
|api
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Temuano|Temuano]]'''
|satuk
|duak
|tigak
|empat
|uwang,<br />eang
|gumah,<br />umah
|anying,<br />koyok
|jalan
|aik,<br />haik
|bahauk
|kitak
|apak
|apik
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Toba Batak language|Bataknese]]'''
|sada
|dua
|tolu
|opat
|halak
|jabu
|biang
|dalan
|ari
|baru
|hita
|aha
|api
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantan-Pattani]]'''
|so
|duwo
|tigo
|pak
|oghe
|ghumoh,<br />dumoh
|anjing
|jale
|aghi
|baghu
|kito
|gapo
|api
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Chamorro|Chamorro]]'''
|håcha,<br />maisa
|hugua
|tulu
|fatfat
|taotao
|guma
|ga'lågu<ref>From [[Wikang Espanyol|Espanyol]] "[[:es:Galgo|galgo]]"</ref>
|chålan
|ha'åni
|nuebu<ref>From [[Wikang Espanyol|Espanyol]] "[[:es:Nuevo|nuevo]]"</ref>
|hita
|håfa
|guafi
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Motu|Motu]]'''
|ta,<br />tamona
|rua
|toi
|hani
|tau
|ruma
|sisia
|dala
|dina
|matamata
|ita,<br />ai
|dahaka
|lahi
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Maori|Maori]]'''
|tahi
|rua
|toru
|wha
|tangata
|whare
|kuri
|ara
|ra
|hou
|taua
|aha
|ahi
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Tubaluano|Tubaluano]]'''
|tasi
|lua
|tolu
|fá
|toko
|fale
|kuli
|ala,<br />tuu
|aso
|fou
|tāua
|a
|afi
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Hawayano|Hawayano]]'''
|kahi
|lua
|kolu
|hā
|kanaka
|hale
|'īlio
|ala
|ao
|hou
|kākou
|aha
|ahi
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Banjar|Banjar]]'''
| asa
| duwa
| talu
| ampat
| urang
| rūmah
| hadupan
| heko
| hǎri
| hanyar
| kami
| apa
| api
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Malagasy language|Malagasy]]'''
|isa
|roa
|telo
|efatra
|olona
|trano
|alika
|lalana
|andro
|vaovao
|isika
|inona
|afo
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Gitnang Dusun|Dusun]]'''
| iso
| duo
| tolu
| apat
| tulun
| walai,<br />lamin
| tasu
| ralan
| tadau
| wagu
| tokou
| onu/nu
| tapui
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Kadazan|Kadazan]]'''
| iso
| duvo
| tohu
| apat
| tuhun
| hamin
| tasu
| lahan
| tadau
| vagu
| tokou
| onu,<br />nunu
| tapui
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Rungus|Rungus]]'''
| iso
| duvo
| tolu,<br />tolzu
| apat
| tulun,<br />tulzun
| valai,<br />valzai
| tasu
| dalan
| tadau
| vagu
| tokou
| nunu
| tapui,<br />apui
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Tambanuo|Sungai/Tambanuo]]'''
| ido
| duo
| tolu
| opat
| lobuw
| waloi
| asu
| ralan
| runat
| wagu
| toko
| onu
| apui
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Iban|Iban]]'''
| satu, sa,<br />siti, sigi
| dua
| tiga
| empat
| orang,<br />urang
| rumah
| ukui,<br />uduk
| jalai
| hari
| baru
| kitai
| nama
| api
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Sarawak Malay]]'''
| satu,<br />sigek
| dua
| tiga
| empat
| orang
| rumah
| asuk
| jalan
| ari
| baru
| kita
| apa
| api
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Terengganu Malay|Terengganu]]
| se
| duwe
| tige
| pak
| oghang
| ghumoh,<br />dumoh
| anjing
| jalang
| aghi
| baghu
| kite
| mende, ape,<br />gape, nape
| api
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[Wikang Kanayatn Language|Kanayatn]]'''
| sa
| dua
| talu
| ampat
| urakng
| rumah
| asu'
| jalatn
| ari
| baru
| kami',<br />diri'
| ahe
| api
|-
|}
==Tingnan din==
*[[Mga taong Austronesyo]]
==Sanggunian==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal | title = The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages
| last = Bellwood | first = Peter
|date=July 1991
| journal = Scientific American | volume = 265 | pages = 88–93
| doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican0791-88
| ref = harv | issue=1
}}
* {{cite book | title = Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian archipelago
| last = Bellwood | first = Peter
| year = 1997
| publisher = University of Hawai'i Press | place=Honolulu
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite journal | title = Taiwan and the Prehistory of the Austronesians-speaking Peoples
| last = Bellwood | first=Peter
| year = 1998
| journal = Review of Archaeology | volume = 18 | pages = 39–48
| ref=harv
}}
* {{cite book | title = The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives
| last = Bellwood | first=Peter| last2 = Fox | first2 = James | last3 = Tryon | first3 = Darrell
| publisher=Department of Anthropology, Australian National University
| year=1995
| isbn=0-7315-2132-3
| ref=harv
}}
* {{cite journal | title=Human Migrations in Continental East Asia and Taiwan: Genetic, Linguistic, and Archaeological Evidence
| author=Bellwood, Peter & Alicia Sanchez-Mazas
| journal=Current Anthropology |date=June 2005 | volume=46 | pages=480–484
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{{refend}}
== Mga kawing panlabas ==
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