Marijuana: Pagkakaiba sa mga binago
Content deleted Content added
m remove stray markup |
m clean up citations using AWB |
||
Linya 12:
|retail =
}}
Ang '''marijuana''' o sa Ingles ay '''cannabis''' ay isang preparasyon ng halamang cannabis na ginagamit bilang sikoaktibo at gamot o medisina. Ang pangunahing sikoaktibong sangkap na kompuwesto nito ang [[tetrahydrocannabinol]] (THC) na isa sa 483 alam na [[kompuwesto]] ng halamang ito.
Ang marijuana ay kadalasang kinokonsumo dahil sa mga epektong sikoaktibo at pisiolohikal nito na kinabibilangan ng tumaas na mood o pakiramdam o euphoria, relaksasyon <ref name="NLMNIH">{{cite web|url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000952.htm |title=Marijuana intoxication: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |publisher=Nlm.nih.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-07-12}}</ref> at tumaas na gana <ref>{{cite web|url=http://adai.uw.edu/marijuana/factsheets/appetite.htm |title=Marijuana: Factsheets: Appetite |publisher=Adai.uw.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-07-12}}</ref>
Ang marijuana ay ginagamit bilang drogang panlibangan o medisina gayundin bilang bahagi ng mga ritong pang-[[relihiyon]]. Ang pinakamaagang paggamit nito ay mula ika-3 [[milenyo]] BCE.
==Mekanismo==
Ang mekanismo ng marijuana sa tao ay naunawaan lamang bago matapos ang ika-20 siglo. Ang THC ng marijuana ay umaasal sa dalawang uri ng mga [[cannabinoid receptor]] sa tao na CB1 receptor at CB2 receptor na parehong G-Protein coupled receptor. Ang CB1 receptor ay matatagpuan sa utak at sa ilang mga peripheral tissue at ang CB2 receptor ay matatagpuan sa mga peripheral tissue gayundin sa mga selulang neuroglial. Ang mga cannabinoid receptor ay pinapagana ng mga cannabinoid na maaaring nalilikha mula sa loob ng katawan ng tao (endocannabinoid) o ipinakilala sa katawan ng tao gaya ng pagkonsumo ng marijuana o ibang mga sintetiko nito.
Linya 22:
==Epekto==
Ang ''cannabidiol,'' isa sa 104 na iba't-ibang kemikal na nasa marijuana, ay mayroong epektong ''pleiotropic'' na nangangahulugang ang epekto nito ay maaring iba-iba sa bawat isang tao<ref>''"[https://cannafinest.com/cbd-oil-can-help-you-live-a-healthier-life/ What is CBD?]" Canna Finest.'' Hinango noong 29 Abril 2019.</ref>.
Kabilang din sa mga epekto ang pagbilis nang tibok ng puso, mataas na gana sa pagkain, at pagbaba nang presyon ng dugo.
==Pagiging adiktibo==
Ayon kay Dr. Jack E. Henningfield ng [[National Institute on Drug Abuse]] (2010), sa mga nirangguhang anim na sustansiya sa kanilang pagiging adiktibo (marijuana, [[caffeine]], [[cocaine]], [[alak]], [[heroin]] at [[nicotine]]), ang marijuana ang pinaka-hindi adiktibo, ang caffeine ang ikalawang pinaka-hindi adiktibo at ang nicotine ang pinaka-adiktibo.
==Paggamit medikal==
Linya 36:
|last = Mack
|first = Allyson
|
|title = Marijuana as Medicine?: The Science Beyond the Controversy
|publisher = National Academy Press
Linya 43:
}}</ref>
Ang ibang mga pag-aaral ay nagsasaad na ang marijuana o mga cannabinoid ay magagamit sa paggamot ng [[pag-abuso ng alak]],<ref name="alchy">{{Cite journal|author=Thanos PK, Dimitrakakis ES, Rice O, Gifford A, Volkow ND |title=Ethanol self-administration and ethanol conditioned place preference are reduced in mice lacking cannabinoid CB1 receptors |journal=Behavioural Brain Research |volume=164 |issue=2 |pages=206–13 |year=2005 |pmid=16140402 |doi=10.1016/j.bbr.2005.06.021}}</ref> [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Carter GT, Rosen BS |title=Marijuana in the management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |journal=The American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=264–70 |year=2001 |pmid=11467101 |doi=10.1177/104990910101800411 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Weydt P, Hong S, Witting A, Möller T, Stella N, Kliot M |title=Cannabinol delays symptom onset in SOD1 (G93A) transgenic mice without affecting survival |journal=Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Disorders |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=182–4 |year=2005 |pmid=16183560 |doi=10.1080/14660820510030149 }}</ref> [[collagen]]-induced [[arthritis]],<ref name="arthritis">{{Cite journal|author=Malfait AM |title=The nonpsychoactive cannabis constituent cannabidiol is an oral anti-arthritic therapeutic in murine collagen-induced arthritis |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=97 |issue=17 |pages=9561–6 |year=2000 |pmid=10920191 |pmc=16904 |doi=10.1073/pnas.160105897 |author2=Gallily R |author3=Sumariwalla PF |last4=Malik |first4=AS |last5=Andreakos |first5=E |last6=Mechoulam |first6=R |last7=Feldmann |first7=M |bibcode = 2000PNAS...97.9561M }}</ref> [[asthma]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tashkin DP, Shapiro BJ, Lee YE, Harper CE |title=Effects of smoked marijuana in experimentally induced asthma |journal=The American Review of Respiratory Disease |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=377–86 |year=1975 |pmid=1099949 |url=http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/hemp/medical/tashkin/tashkin1.htm}}</ref> [[atherosclerosis]],<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cannabis may help keep arteries clear |date=16 April 2005 |doi=10.1038/nature03389 |laysummary=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18624956.000-cannabis-may-help-keep-arteries-clear.html|laysource=New Scientist |journal=Nature |volume=434 |pmid=15815632 |author=Steffens S |issue=7034 |pages=782–6 |author2=Veillard NR |author3=Arnaud C |last4=Pelli |first4=Graziano |last5=Burger |first5=Fabienne |last6=Staub |first6=Christian |last7=Zimmer |first7=Andreas |last8=Frossard |first8=Jean-Louis |last9=Mach |first9=François |bibcode = 2005Natur.434..782S }}</ref> [[bipolar disorder]],<ref name="bi">{{Cite journal|author=Grinspoon L, Bakalar JB |title=The use of cannabis as a mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder: anecdotal evidence and the need for clinical research |journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=171–7 |year=1998 |pmid=9692379 |url=http://www.ukcia.org/research/TheUseofCannabisasaMoodStabilizerinBipolarDisorder.html|doi=10.1080/02791072.1998.10399687}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ashton CH, Moore PB, Gallagher P, Young AH |title=Cannabinoids in bipolar affective disorder: a review and discussion of their therapeutic potential |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=293–300 |year=2005 |pmid=15888515 |doi=10.1177/0269881105051541}}</ref> [[colorectal cancer]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Patsos HA |title=The endogenous cannabinoid, anandamide, induces cell death in colorectal carcinoma cells: a possible role for cyclooxygenase 2 |journal=Gut |volume=54 |issue=12 |pages=1741–50 |year=2005 |pmid=16099783 |pmc=1774787 |doi=10.1136/gut.2005.073403|author2=Hicks DJ|author3=Dobson RR|last4=Greenhough|first4=A|last5=Woodman|first5=N|last6=Lane|first6=JD|last7=Williams|first7=AC|last8=Paraskeva|first8=C}}</ref> [[HIV-Associated Sensory Neuropathy]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Abrams |first=D.I., MD |
[[Major depressive disorder|depression]],<ref name="depression">{{Cite journal|author=Bambico FR, Katz N, Debonnel G, Gobbi G |title=Cannabinoids elicit antidepressant-like behavior and activate serotonergic neurons through the medial prefrontal cortex |journal=The Journal of Neuroscience |volume=27 |issue=43 |pages=11700–11 |year=2007 |pmid=17959812 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1636-07.2007 |laysummary=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,304996,00.html |laysource=[[Fox News Channel]] |laydate=25 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Denson TF, Earleywine M |title=Decreased depression in marijuana users |journal=Addictive Behaviors |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=738–42 |year=2006 |pmid=15964704 |doi=10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.05.052 |url=http://www.doctordeluca.com/Library/WOD/WPS3-MedMj/DecreasedDepressionInMjUsers05.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Zhang_etal">{{Cite journal|author=Jiang W |title=Cannabinoids promote embryonic and adult hippocampus neurogenesis and produce anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=115 |issue=11 |pages=3104–16 |year=2005 |pmid=16224541 |pmc=1253627 |doi=10.1172/JCI25509 |author2=Zhang Y |author3=Xiao L |last4=Van Cleemput |first4=J |last5=Ji |first5=SP |last6=Bai |first6=G |last7=Zhang |first7=X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=El-Remessy AB, Al-Shabrawey M, Khalifa Y, Tsai NT, Caldwell RB, Liou GI |title=Neuroprotective and Blood-Retinal Barrier-Preserving Effects of Cannabidiol in Experimental Diabetes |journal=The American Journal of Pathology |volume=168 |issue=1 |pages=235–44 |year=2006 |pmid=16400026 |pmc=1592672 |doi=10.2353/ajpath.2006.050500}}</ref> [[dystonia]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fox SH, Kellett M, Moore AP, Crossman AR, Brotchie JM |title=Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the potential of cannabinoid receptor stimulation in the treatment of dystonia |journal=Movement Disorders |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=145–9 |year=2002 |pmid=11835452 |doi=10.1002/mds.1280}}</ref> [[epilepsy]],<ref name="ep">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8440303/Cannabis-could-be-used-to-treat-epilepsy.html |title=Cannabis could be used to treat epilepsy |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=10 April 2011 |accessdate=2011-04-20 |first=Richard |last=Gray}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Marsicano G |title=CB1 cannabinoid receptors and on-demand defense against excitotoxicity |journal=Science |volume=302 |issue=5642 |pages=84–8 |year=2003 |pmid=14526074 |doi=10.1126/science.1088208 |last12=Casanova |first12=E |last13=Schütz |first13=G |first14=W |first15=V |first16=C |first17=B|author2=Goodenough S|author3=Monory K |last4=Zieglgänsberger |last5=Di Marzo |last6=Behl |last7=Lutz|first4=H|first5=M|first6=A|first7=SC|last8=Cascio|first8=MG|last9=Gutiérrez|first9=SO |bibcode = 2003Sci...302...84M }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bacci A, Huguenard JR, Prince DA |title=Long-lasting self-inhibition of neocortical interneurons mediated by endocannabinoids |journal=Nature |volume=431 |issue=7006 |pages=312–6 |year=2004 |pmid=15372034 |doi=10.1038/nature02913 |laysummary=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/09/040916102315.htm |laysource=[[Science Daily]] |laydate=16 September 2004|bibcode = 2004Natur.431..312B }}</ref> [[digestive disease]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Di Carlo G, Izzo AA |title=Cannabinoids for gastrointestinal diseases: potential therapeutic applications |journal=Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=39–49 |year=2003 |pmid=12517253 |doi=10.1517/13543784.12.1.39}}</ref> [[glioma]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lorente M |title=Amphiregulin is a factor for resistance of glioma cells to cannabinoid-induced apoptosis |journal=Glia |volume= 57|issue= 13|pages=1374–85 |year=2009 |pmid=19229996 |doi=10.1002/glia.20856|author2=Carracedo A|author3=Torres S|last4=Natali|first4=Francesco|last5=Egia|first5=Ainara|last6=Hernández-Tiedra|first6=Sonia|last7=Salazar|first7=María|last8=Blázquez|first8=Cristina|last9=Guzmán|first9=Manuel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ramer R, Hinz B |title=Inhibition of cancer cell invasion by cannabinoids via increased expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 |journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=59–69 |year=2008 |pmid=18159069 |doi=10.1093/jnci/djm268}}</ref> [[hepatitis C]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sylvestre DL, Clements BJ, Malibu Y |title=Cannabis use improves retention and virological outcomes in patients treated for hepatitis C |journal=European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology |volume=18 |issue=10 |pages=1057–63 |year=2006 |pmid=16957511 |doi=10.1097/01.meg.0000216934.22114.51}}</ref> [[Huntington's disease]],<ref>{{cite pmid|19228180}}</ref><ref>{{cite pmid|20590577}}</ref> [[leukemia]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Powles T |title=Cannabis-induced cytotoxicity in leukemic cell lines: the role of the cannabinoid receptors and the MAPK pathway |journal=Blood |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=1214–21 |year=2005 |pmid=15454482 |doi=10.1182/blood-2004-03-1182 |author2=te Poele R|author3=Shamash J|last4=Chaplin|first4=T|last5=Propper|first5=D|last6=Joel|first6=S|last7=Oliver|first7=T|last8=Liu|first8=WM}}</ref> [[tumor|skin tumors]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Casanova ML |title=Inhibition of skin tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo by activation of cannabinoid receptors |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=43–50 |year=2003 |pmid=12511587 |pmc=151833 |doi=10.1172/JCI16116 |author2=Blázquez C|author3=Martínez-Palacio J|last4=Villanueva|first4=Concepción|last5=Fernández-Aceñero|first5=M. Jesús|last6=Huffman|first6=John W.|last7=Jorcano|first7=José L.|last8=Guzmán|first8=Manuel}}</ref> [[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus|methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'']] (MRSA),<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Appendino G, Gibbons S, Giana A, Pagani A, Grassi G, Stavri M, Smith E, Rahman MM |title=Antibacterial Cannabinoids from ''Cannabis sativa'': A Structure—Activity Study |journal=J Nat Prod |volume=71 |issue=8 |pages=1427–30 |year=2008|pmid=18681481 |doi=10.1021/np8002673 |laysummary=http://www.webmd.com/news/20080904/marijuana-chemicals-may-fight-mrsa |laysource=[[WebMD]] |laydate=4 September 2008 |accessdate=6 November 2010}}</ref> [[Parkinson's disease]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kreitzer AC, Malenka RC |title=Endocannabinoid-mediated rescue of striatal LTD and motor deficits in Parkinson's disease models |journal=Nature |volume=445 |issue=7128 |pages=643–7 |year=2005 |pmid=17287809 |doi=10.1038/nature05506 |laysummary=http://med.stanford.edu/news_releases/2007/february/malenka.html |laysource=[[Stanford University School of Medicine]] |laydate=7 February 2007}}</ref> [[Itch|pruritus]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Szepietowski JC, Szepietowski T, Reich A |title=Efficacy and tolerance of the cream containing structured physiological lipids with endocannabinoids in the treatment of uremic pruritus: a preliminary study |journal=Acta Dermatovenerologica Croatica |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=97–103 |year=2005 |pmid=16324422}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bergasa NV |title=The pruritus of cholestasis |journal=Journal of Hepatology |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=1078–88 |year=2005 |pmid=16253381 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2005.09.004}}</ref> [[posttraumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD),<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ganon-Elazar E, Akirav I|title=Cannabinoid receptor activation in the basolateral amygdala blocks the effects of stress on the conditioning and extinction of inhibitory avoidance|journal=J. Neurosci|volume=29|issue=36|pages=11078–88|pmid=19741114 |year=2009|laysummary=http://psychcentral.com/news/2009/11/05/medical-marijuana-for-ptsd/9359.html|laysource=PsychCentral|laydate=5 November 2009|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1223-09.2009}}</ref> [[psoriasis]],<ref>{{cite pmid|17157480}}</ref> [[sickle-cell disease]],<ref>{{cite pmid|16173972}}</ref> [[sleep apnea]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Carley DW, Paviovic S, Janelidze M, Radulovacki M |title=Functional role for cannabinoids in respiratory stability during sleep |journal=Sleep |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=391–8 |year=2002 |pmid=12071539 |url=http://www.scholaruniverse.com/ncbi-linkout?id=12071539 }}</ref> at [[anorexia nervosa]].<ref>Grotenhermen, Russo (2002) "Review of Therapeutic Effects." Chapter 11, p. 128 in ''Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential'', Routledge, ISBN 0789015080.</ref>
===Epekto sa kanser===
Natagpuan ng isang pag-aaral ng [[Universidad Complutense de Madrid]] na ang mga kemikal sa marijuana ay nagsanhi ng kamatayan ng mga selulang [[kanser ng utak]] ng tao. Sa mga selulang kanser ng utak ng tao na nilagay sa mga daga na ginamot ng kemikal ng marijuana, ang tumor ay lumiit. Natagpuan ng pag-aaral nila na ang THC ay nag-alis ng mga selulang kanser nang walang masamang epekto sa mga malulusog na selula.
Ayon sa pag-aaral ng [[California Pacific Medical Center]] Research Institute noong 2007 at 2010, ang [[cannabidiol]] ay nagpahinto sa [[kanser sa suso]] na kumalat na sa buong katawan sa pamamagitan ng ''downregulation'' ng isang ''gene'' na tinatawag na [[ID1]].<ref name=pmid18025276>{{Cite journal|author=McAllister SD, Christian RT, Horowitz MP, Garcia A, Desprez PY |title=Cannabidiol as a novel inhibitor of Id-1 gene expression in aggressive breast cancer cells |journal=Molecular Cancer Therapeutics |volume=6 |issue=11 |pages=2921–7 |year=2007 |pmid=18025276 |doi=10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-07-0371 |laysummary=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7098340.stm |laysource=[[BBC News]] |laydate=19 November 2007}}</ref>
Linya 54:
==Mga sanggunian==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Kategorya:Cannabis]]
[[
[[Kategorya:Mga entheogen]]
| |||