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COVID-19: Pagkakaiba sa mga binago

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Linya 34:
Karaniwang naipapasa ang sakit sa malapitang pakikitungo at sa pamamagitan ng mga [[Respiratory droplet|pahingahahang patak]] kapag [[Ubo|umuubo]] o bumabahing.<ref name="CDCTrans">{{cite web|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)—Transmission|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=23 March 2020|language=en-us|date=17 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="WHO2020QA">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|title=Q&A on coronaviruses|work=[[World Health Organization]]|date=11 February 2020|access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref> Maaaring magkaroon ng mga patak-patak habang humihinga ngunit sa pangkalahatan, hindi [[Airborne disease|dinadala ng hangin]] ang birus.<ref name="WHO2020QA2">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|title=Q&A on coronaviruses|work=[[World Health Organization]]|date=11 February 2020|access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="ECDCQA" /> Maaari ring mahawa rin ang mga tao kung hinawakan nila ang kontaminadong bagay at pagkatapos, ang kanilang mukha.<ref name="WHO2020QA2" /><ref name="CDCTrans2">{{cite web|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)—Transmission|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=23 March 2020|language=en-us|date=17 March 2020}}</ref> Pinakanakahahawa ito kapag sintomatiko ang mga tao, ngunit maaaring maghawa bago lumitaw ang mga sintomas.<ref name="CDCTrans2" /> Maaaring mabuhay ang birus sa mga ibabaw nang hanggang 72 oras.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/new-coronavirus-stable-hours-surfaces|access-date=23 March 2020|title=New coronavirus stable for hours on surfaces|date=17 March 2020|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]}}</ref> Ang panahon bago umepekto ang sakit ay karaniwang dalawa hanggang labing-apat na araw, na may katamtamang limang araw.<ref name="CDCSym">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html|title=Symptoms of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)|date=10 February 2020|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130202038/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html|archive-date=30 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author-last1=Velavan|author-first1=T. P.|author-last2=Meyer|author-first2=C. G.|title=The COVID-19 epidemic|journal=Tropical Medicine & International Health|volume=n/a|issue=n/a|pages=278–80|doi=10.1111/tmi.13383|doi-access=free|pmid=32052514|date=March 2020}}</ref> Ang pamantayang pamamaraan ng [[Diagnosis|pagsusuri]] ay sa pamamagitan ng [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|baligtaring pagsasalin ng patanikalang tambisa ng polymerase]] (rRT-PCR) mula sa [[Nasopharyngeal swab|pamahid sa nasoparinks]].<ref name="CDC2020Testing">{{cite web|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/guidelines-clinical-specimens.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=26 March 2020|language=en-us|date=11 February 2020}}</ref> Maaari ring suriin ang impeksyon mula sa kombinasyon ng mga sintomas, [[Risk factor|salik ng panganib]] at isang [[CT scan|''CT scan'']] ng dibdib na nagpapakita ng mga katangian ng pulmonya.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal | vauthors=Jin YH, Cai L, Cheng ZS, Cheng H, Deng T, Fan YP, Fang C, Huang D, Huang LQ, Huang Q, Han Y, Hu B, Hu F, Li BH, Li YR, Liang K, Lin LK, Luo LS, Ma J, Ma LL, Peng ZY, Pan YB, Pan ZY, Ren XQ, Sun HM, Wang Y, Wang YY, Weng H, Wei CJ, Wu DF, Xia J, Xiong Y, Xu HB, Yao XM, Yuan YF, Ye TS, Zhang XC, Zhang YW, Zhang YG, Zhang HM, Zhao Y, Zhao MJ, Zi H, Zeng XT, Wang YY, Wang XH | display-authors=6 | title=A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version) | journal=Military Medical Research | date=February 2020 | volume=7 | issue=1 | page=4 | doi=10.1186/s40779-020-0233-6 | doi-access=free | pmid=32029004 | pmc=7003341 }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/02/200226151951.htm|title=CT provides best diagnosis for COVID-19|date=26 February 2020|website=ScienceDaily|url-status=live|access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref>
 
Kabilang sa mga inirerekumendang hakbang upang maiwasan ang pagkahawa ay madalas na [[Hand washing|paghuhugas ng kamay]], [[panlipunang pagdidistansya]] (pagpapanatili ng pisikal na distansya mula sa ibang tao, lalo na sa mga may sintomas), pagtatakip ng mga ubo at bahing ng tisyu o panloob na siko, at paglayo ng maruming kamay mula sa mukha.<ref name="Advice for public">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public|title=Advice for public|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|access-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126025750/https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public|archive-date=26 January 2020|url-status=live|name-list-format=vanc}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-guidance-on-social-distancing-and-for-vulnerable-people/guidance-on-social-distancing-for-everyone-in-the-uk-and-protecting-older-people-and-vulnerable-adults|title=Guidance on social distancing for everyone in the UK|website=GOV.UK|language=en|access-date=25 March 2020}}</ref> Inirerekumenda ang paggamit ng mga [[Masks|mask]] sa mga nagsususpetsa na may birus sila at sa kanilang tagapag-alaga.<ref name="CDC2020IfSick">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/steps-when-sick.html|title=2019&nbsp;Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)|author=CDC|date=11 February 2020|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214153016/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/steps-when-sick.html|archive-date=14 February 2020|access-date=15 February 2020|name-list-format=vanc}}</ref> Nagkakaiba-iba ang mga rekomendasyon sa paggamit ng mask ng publiko. Hindi nirerekumenda ng iilan ang kanilang paggamit, nirerekumenda naman ng iilan ang paggamit, at inaatas ng mga iba pa ang paggamit.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Feng|first6=Benjamin J.|issn=2213-2600|doi=10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30134-X|volume=0|language=English|journal=The Lancet Respiratory Medicine|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30134-X/abstract|title=Rational use of face masks in the COVID-19 pandemic|date=2020-03-20|last6=Cowling|first=Shuo|first5=Mengzhen|last5=Fan|first4=Wei|last4=Song|first3=Nan|last3=Xia|first2=Chen|last2=Shen|pmid=32203710}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=When and how to use masks|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/when-and-how-to-use-masks|website=www.who.int|accessdate=31 March 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Tait|first=Robert|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/30/czechs-get-to-work-making-masks-after-government-decree-coronavirus|title=Czechs get to work making masks after government decree|date=2020-03-30|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-03-31|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Sa kasalukuyan, wala pang mga [[bakuna]] o tiyak na [[Antiviral treatment|gamot panlaban sa birus]] para sa COVID-19. Kasali sa pangangasiwa nito ang [[Palliative care|paggamot ng mga sintomas]], [[Supportive care|pag-aalalay]], [[Isolation (health care)|pagbubukod]], at [[Medical research|eksperimentong pamamaraan]].<ref name="cdc21Jan202022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/prevention-treatment.html|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|date=15 February 2020|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226145347/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/prevention-treatment.html|archive-date=26 February 2020|access-date=20 February 2020|name-list-format=vanc}}</ref>
 
Noong 30 Enero 2020, indineklara ng [[Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan]] (WHO) ang [[pagkalat ng koronabirus ng 2019–20]] bilang isang [[Public Health Emergency of International Concern|Pampublikong Emerhensya sa Kalusugan ng Pandaigdigang Ikinababahala]] (PHEIC)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)|title=Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131005904/https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)|archive-date=31 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/coronavirus-china-live-updates/2020/02/05/114ced8a-479c-11ea-bc78-8a18f7afcee7_story.html|title=Hundreds of evacuees to be held on bases in California; Hong Kong and Taiwan restrict travel from mainland China - The Washington Post<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207134650/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/coronavirus-china-live-updates/2020/02/05/114ced8a-479c-11ea-bc78-8a18f7afcee7_story.html|archive-date=7 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> at bilang [[pandemya]] noong 11 Marso 2020.<ref name="WHOPandemic" /> Naitala ang [[Local transmission|lokal na transmisyon]] ng sakit sa maraming bansa sa lahat ng anim na [[WHO regions|rehiyon ng WHO]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200325-sitrep-65-covid-19.pdf|title=WHO Situation Report #65|last=|first=|date=25 March 2020|website=WHO|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
Linya 241:
| Di-inirerekomenda
|}
 
===Eksperimental na paggamot===
Wala pang naaprubahang gamot para sa sakit ng WHO ngunit inirerekumenda ang ilan ng mga indibidwal na pambansang awtoridad sa medisina.<ref name="LiDeClerq">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li G, De Clercq E | title = Therapeutic options for the 2019&nbsp;novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) | journal = Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 149–150 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 32127666 | doi = 10.1038/d41573-020-00016-0 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Nagsimula ang pananaliksik sa mga potensyal na gamot noong Enero 2020,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-hospital-idUSKBN20B1M6|title=Chinese doctors using plasma therapy on coronavirus, WHO says 'very valid' approach|newspaper=Reuters|date=17 February 2020|via=www.reuters.com|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304173709/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-hospital-idUSKBN20B1M6|archive-date=4 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> at ang ilang drogang panlaban sa birus ay nasa klinikal na pagsubok.<ref name="Reut_NIH_Moderna_3months" /><ref name="clinicaltrialsarena">{{cite web|url=https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/analysis/coronavirus-mers-cov-drugs/|title=Coronavirus outbreak: Vaccines/drugs in the pipeline for Covid-19|last=Duddu|first=Praveen|date=19 February 2020|work=clinicaltrialsarena.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219184512/https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/analysis/coronavirus-mers-cov-drugs/|archive-date=19 February 2020|name-list-format=vanc}}</ref> Bagaman maaabutin ang 2021 bago mabuo ang mga bagong gamot,<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Lu H|date=28 January 2020|title=Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV).|journal=Biosci Trends|volume=14|issue=1|pages=69–71|doi=10.5582/bst.2020.01020|pmid=31996494}}</ref> inaprubahan na ang iilang gamot na sinusuri para sa mga ibang paggamit, o ay nasa huling yugto ng pagsubok.<ref name="LiDeClerq" /> Maaaring subukin ang gamot panlaban sa birus sa mga taong may matinding sakit.<ref name="NatureDale Fisher & David Heymann" /> Inirekumenda ng WHO na makibahagi ang mga boluntaryo sa mga pagsubok sa bisa at kaligtasan ng mga potensyal na gamot.<ref name="ThomReut_notreatment_20200205">{{cite news|last1=Nebehay|first1=Stephanie|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-treatments-who-idUSKBN1ZZ1M6|title=WHO: 'no known effective' treatments for new coronavirus|date=5 February 2020|access-date=5 February 2020|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205155653/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-treatments-who-idUSKBN1ZZ1M6|archive-date=5 February 2020|agency=[[Thomson Reuters]]|last2=Kelland|first2=Kate|last3=Liu|first3=Roxanne|name-list-format=vanc}}</ref>
 
===Teknolohiyang pang-impormasyon===
 
Noong Pebrero 2020, inilunsad ng Tsina ang isang [[mobile app|''mobile app'']] upang harapin ang siklab ng sakit.<ref>{{cite news |title=China launches coronavirus 'close contact' app |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-51439401 |access-date=7 March 2020 |work=BBC News |date=11 February 2020 |name-list-format=vanc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228003957/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-51439401 |archive-date=28 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hinihilingan ang mga tagagamit na ilagay ang kanilang pangalan at ID bilang. Natutunton ng app ang <nowiki>''malapit nakontak'</nowiki> gamit ang datos sa pagmamatyag at samakatwid ang potensyal na panganib ng impeksyon. Maaaring suriin ng bawat tagagamit ang tatlong pang tagagamit. Kung may natunton na potensyal na panganib, hindi lamang inirerekumenda ng app ang kuwarentenas ng sarili, inaalerto rin nito ang mga lokal na opisyal sa kalusugan.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chen |first1=Angela | name-list-format = vanc |title=China's coronavirus app could have unintended consequences |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/615199/coronavirus-china-app-close-contact-surveillance-covid-19-technology/ |website=MIT Technology Review |access-date=7 March 2020 }}</ref>
 
Ginagamit ang analitika ng [[Big data|malaking datos]] ukol sa mga datos ng cellphone, teknolohiyang [[Facial recognition system|pangkilala ng mukha]], [[mobile phone tracking|pagsubaybay ng mobile phone]], at [[Intelihensiyang artipisyal|intelihensyang artipisyal]] upang subaybayan ang mga nahawang tao at ang mga taong nakakontak nila sa Timog Korea, Taiwan, at Singgapura.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gov in the Time of Corona |url=https://govinsider.asia/innovation/gov-in-the-time-of-corona/ |access-date=20 March 2020 |work=GovInsider |date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320125215/https://govinsider.asia/innovation/gov-in-the-time-of-corona/ |archive-date=20 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Manancourt |first=Vincent |title=Coronavirus tests Europe's resolve on privacy |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/coronavirus-tests-europe-resolve-on-privacy-tracking-apps-germany-italy/ |access-date=20 March 2020 |work=POLITICO |date=10 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320105744/https://www.politico.eu/article/coronavirus-tests-europe-resolve-on-privacy-tracking-apps-germany-italy/ |archive-date=20 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Noong Marso 2020, napangyari ng gobyerno ng Israel ang mga ahensiyang panseguridad na subaybayan ang mga datos ng taong sinususpetsang may coronavirus. Isinagawa ang hakbang upang ipatupad ang kuwarentenas at protektahan ang mga makasasalimuha sa mga nahawang mamamayan.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tidy|first=Joe|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-51930681|title=Coronavirus: Israel enables emergency spy powers|date=17 March 2020|work=BBC News|access-date=18 March 2020|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318113608/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-51930681|archive-date=18 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Gayundin sa Marso 2020, ibinahagi ng [[Deutsche Telekom]] ang agregatong datos ng lokasyon ng phone sa Alemanong ahensya ng pamahalaang pederal [[Robert Koch Institute|Institutong Robert Koch]], upang saliksikin at hadlangan ang pagkalat ng birus.<ref name="heise-handydaten">{{cite news |last=Bünte |first=Oliver |title=Corona-Krise: Deutsche Telekom liefert anonymisierte Handydaten an RKI |url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Corona-Krise-Deutsche-Telekom-liefert-anonymisierte-Handydaten-an-RKI-4685191.html |accessdate=25 March 2020 |work=Heise Online |date=18 March 2020 |language=German |trans-title=Corona crisis: Deutsche Telekom delivers anonymized cell phone data to RKI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324115410/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Corona-Krise-Deutsche-Telekom-liefert-anonymisierte-Handydaten-an-RKI-4685191.html |archive-date=24 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ikinalat ng Rusya ang teknolohiyang pangkilala ng mukha upang matunton ang mga lumalabag sa kuwarentenas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Moscow deploys facial recognition technology for coronavirus quarantine |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-moscow-technology-idUSKBN20F1RZ |access-date=20 March 2020 |work=Reuters |date=21 February 2020 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222215731/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-moscow-technology-idUSKBN20F1RZ |archive-date=22 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sinabi ni [[Giulio Gallera]], Italyanong panrehiyong komisyonado sa kalusugan, na sinabihan siya ng mga operador ng mobile phone na "patuloy-tuloy pa ring naglilibot ang 40% ng mga tao".<ref>{{cite news |title=Italians scolded for flouting lockdown as death toll nears 3,000 |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/news/world/2020/03/18/Italy-coronavirus-475-deaths-one-day-death-toll-2978-COVID-19-doctors/stories/202003180182 |access-date=20 March 2020 |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320110555/https://www.post-gazette.com/news/world/2020/03/18/Italy-coronavirus-475-deaths-one-day-death-toll-2978-COVID-19-doctors/stories/202003180182 |archive-date=20 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nagdaraos ang Alemanong pamahalaan ng 48 oras na [[hackathon]] sa dulo ng sanlinggo na may higit sa 42,000 kalahok.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kreative Lösungen gesucht |url=https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/themen/coronavirus/wir-vs-virus-1731968 |website=Startseite |language=de |access-date=23 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324085627/https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/themen/coronavirus/wir-vs-virus-1731968 |archive-date=24 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dannewitz |first1=Juliane |title=Hackathon Germany: #WirvsVirus |url=https://www.datenschutzbeauftragter-info.de/hackathon-germany-wirvsvirus/ |work=Datenschutzbeauftragter |date=23 March 2020 |language=de-DE}}</ref> Ipinatawag naman ni [[Kersti Kaljulaid]], pangulo ng Estonya, ang tawag para sa malikhaing solusyon laban sa pagkalat ng coronavirus.<ref>{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Whyte |title=President makes global call to combat coronavirus via hackathon |url=https://news.err.ee/1067171/president-makes-global-call-to-combat-coronavirus-via-hackathon |work=ERR |date=21 March 2020 |language=en |access-date=23 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324050421/https://news.err.ee/1067171/president-makes-global-call-to-combat-coronavirus-via-hackathon |archive-date=24 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
===Suportang sikolohikal===
Maaaring dumanas ang mga indibidwal ng kabagbagan dahil sa kuwarentenas, paghihigpit sa pagbibiyahe, di-magandang epekto ng paggamot, o pagkatakot sa impeksyon mismo. Upang matugunan ang mga ganitong ikinababahala, inilathala ng [[National Health Commission|Pambansang Komisyon sa Kalusugan ng Tsina]] ang isang pambansang patnubay para sa pamamagitan sa sikolohikal na krisis noong 27 Enero 2020.<ref name="Xiang4Feb2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Xiang YT, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Cheung T, Ng CH | display-authors = 6 | title = Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed | journal = The Lancet. Psychiatry | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = 228–29 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 32032543 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Kang5Feb2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kang L, Li Y, Hu S, Chen M, Yang C, Yang BX, Wang Y, Hu J, Lai J, Ma X, Chen J, Guan L, Wang G, Ma H, Liu Z | display-authors = 6 | title = The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019&nbsp;novel coronavirus | journal = The Lancet. Psychiatry | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = e14 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 32035030 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30047-X |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 
== Talasanggunian ==
{{reflist}}
Kinuha sa "https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"