Berlin: Pagkakaiba sa mga binago
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Linya 23:
Ang Berlin ay tahanan ng mga unibersidad na kilala sa buong mundo gaya ng [[Unibersidad ng Berlin Humboldt|Pamantasang Humboldt]], [[Pamantasang Teknikal ng Berlin|Pamantasang Teknikal]], [[Malayang Unibersidad ng Berlin|Malayang Unibersidad]], [[Unibersidad ng Sining ng Berlin|Unibersidad ng Sining]], [[ESMT Berlin]], [[Paaralang Hertie]], at [[Kolehiyong Bard ng Berlin]]. Ang [[Zoolohikong Hardin ng Berlin|Zoolohikong Hardin]]<nowiki/>nito ay ang pinakabinibisitang zoo sa Europa at isa sa pinakasikat sa buong mundo. Dahil ang [[Estudyo ng Babelsberg|Babelsberg]] ang kauna-unahang malakihang estudyong pampelikulang kompleks sa mundo, ang Berlin ay isang lalong sikat na lokasyon para sa mga pandaigdigang [[Tala ng mga pelikulang isinagawa sa Berlin|paggawa ng pelikula]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2008 |title=Hollywood Helps Revive Berlin's Former Movie Glory |url=https://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3549403,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813010550/https://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3549403,00.html |archive-date=13 August 2008 |access-date=18 August 2008 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> Kilala ang lungsod sa mga pagdiriwang, magkakaibang arkitektura, nightlife, kontemporaneong sining at napakataas na kalidad ng pamumuhay.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Flint |first=Sunshine |date=12 December 2004 |title=The Club Scene, on the Edge |work=The New York Times |url=https://travel2.nytimes.com/2004/12/12/travel/12surf.html |url-status=live |access-date=18 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402221310/https://travel2.nytimes.com/2004/12/12/travel/12surf.html |archive-date=2 April 2013}}</ref> Mula noong dekada 2000, saksi nag Berlin sa paglitaw ng isang kosmopolitang [[Startup ecosystem|eksenang]] [[entrepreneurship]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=13 June 2014 |title=Young Israelis are Flocking to Berlin |url=https://www.newsweek.com/2014/06/20/young-israelis-are-flocking-berlin-262139.html |url-status=live |journal=Newsweek |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827183310/https://www.newsweek.com/2014/06/20/young-israelis-are-flocking-berlin-262139.html |archive-date=27 August 2014 |access-date=28 August 2014}}</ref>
Nagtataglay ang Berlin ng tatlong [[Pandaigdigang Pamanang Pook]]: [[Pulo ng mga Museo]] ; ang mga [[Mga Palasyo at Liwasan ng Potsdam at Berlin|Palasyo at Liwasan ng Potsdam at Berlin]]; at ang mga [[Mga Modernismong Pabahay ng Berlin|Modernismong Pabahay ng Berlin]].<ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web |title=World Heritage Site Museumsinsel |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/896 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506100913/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/896 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |access-date=6 May 2021 |publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref> Kabilang sa iba pang mga tanawin ang [[Tarankahang
== Kasaysayan ==
Linya 37:
Ang pinakaunang katibayan ng mga pamayanan sa lugar ng Berlin ngayon ay mga labi ng isang pundasyon ng bahay na may petsang 1174, na natagpuan sa mga paghuhukay sa Berlin Mitte,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Berlin ist älter als gedacht: Hausreste aus dem Jahr 1174 entdeckt |language=de |trans-title=Berlin is older than thought: house remains from 1174 have been found |agency=dpa |url=https://www.berlin.de/aktuelles/berlin/2674414-958092-berlin-ist-aelter-als-gedacht-hausreste-.html |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824212016/https://www.berlin.de/aktuelles/berlin/2674414-958092-berlin-ist-aelter-als-gedacht-hausreste-.html |archive-date=24 August 2012}}</ref> at isang barakilang kahoy na may petsang humigit-kumulang 1192.<ref name="zycwaq">{{Cite news |last=Rising |first=David |date=30 January 2008 |title=Berlin dig finds city older than thought |work=[[NBC News]] |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/22920517/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/berlin-dig-finds-city-older-thought/ |url-status=live |access-date=1 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102013454/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/22920517/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/berlin-dig-finds-city-older-thought/ |archive-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> Ang unang nakasulat na mga talaan ng mga bayan sa lugar ng kasalukuyang Berlin ay mula sa huling bahagi ng ika-12 siglo. Ang [[Spandau]] ay unang binanggit noong 1197 at [[Köpenick]] noong 1209, bagaman ang mga lugar na ito ay hindi sumali sa Berlin hanggang 1920.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=Zitadelle Spandau |trans-title=Spandau Citadel |url=https://www.berlin.de/tourismus/sehenswuerdigkeiten.en/00175.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612020333/https://www.berlin.de/tourismus/sehenswuerdigkeiten.en/00175.html |archive-date=12 June 2008 |access-date=18 August 2008 |publisher=BerlinOnline Stadtportal GmbH & Co. KG}}</ref> Ang gitnang bahagi ng Berlin ay maaaring masubaybayan pabalik sa dalawang bayan. Ang [[Cölln]] sa [[Fischerinsel]] ay unang binanggit sa isang dokumento noong 1237, at ang Berlin, sa kabila ng [[Spree (ilog)|Spree]] sa tinatawag ngayong [[Nikolaiviertel]], ay tinukoy sa isang dokumento mula 1244.<ref name="zycwaq" /> Ang 1237 ay itinuturing na petsa ng pagkakatatag ng lungsod.<ref name="Medtradc">{{Cite web |title=The medieval trading center |url=https://www.berlin.de/berlin-im-ueberblick/en/history/the-medieval-trading-center/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731190906/https://www.berlin.de/berlin-im-ueberblick/en/history/the-medieval-trading-center/ |archive-date=31 July 2016 |access-date=11 June 2013 |publisher=BerlinOnline Stadtportal GmbH & Co. KG.}}</ref> Ang dalawang bayan sa paglipas ng panahon ay nabuo ang malapit na pang-ekonomiya at panlipunang ugnayan, at nakinabang mula sa [[Karapatan sa emporyo|pangunahing bahagi mismo]] sa dalawang mahalagang [[ruta ng kalakalan]] ng ''[[Sa pamamagitan ng Imperii|Via Imperii]]'' at mula [[Brujas]] hanggang [[Veliky Novgorod|Novgorod]].<ref name="staple2">{{Cite web |date=August 2004 |title=Niederlagsrecht |trans-title=Settlement rights |url=https://www.diegeschichteberlins.de/geschichteberlins/berlin-abc/stichwortehn/599-niederlagsrecht.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122025717/https://www.diegeschichteberlins.de/geschichteberlins/berlin-abc/stichwortehn/599-niederlagsrecht.html |archive-date=22 November 2015 |access-date=21 November 2015 |publisher=Verein für die Geschichte Berlins |language=de}}</ref> Noong 1307, bumuo sila ng isang alyansa na may isang karaniwang patakarang panlabas, bagaman ang kanilang mga panloob na pangangasiwa ay pinaghihiwalay pa rin.<ref name="Stöver2010">Stöver B. Geschichte Berlins.</ref><ref name="Lui stadtgr">{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=Stadtgründung Und Frühe Stadtentwicklung |trans-title=City foundation and early urban development |url=https://berlingeschichte.de/stadtentwicklung/texte/articles/1_02_stadtgr |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620011811/http://berlingeschichte.de/stadtentwicklung/texte/articles/1_02_stadtgr#selection-75.18-75.40 |archive-date=20 June 2013 |access-date=10 November 2018 |publisher=Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein |language=de}}</ref>
Noong 1415, si [[Federico I, Elektor ng Brandenburgo|Federico I]] ay naging [[Prinsipe-elektor|elektor]] ng [[Margrabyato ng Brandenburgo]], na pinamunuan niya hanggang 1440.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1993 |title=The Hohenzollern Dynasty |url=https://www.west.net/~antipas/protected_files/news/europe/hohenzollerns.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807093738/https://www.west.net/~antipas/protected_files/news/europe/hohenzollerns.html |archive-date=7 August 2007 |access-date=18 August 2008 |publisher=Antipas}}</ref> Noong ika-15 siglo, itinatag ng kaniyang mga kahalili ang Berlin-Cölln bilang kabesera ng margebyato, at ang mga sumunod na miyembro ng pamilyang [[Pamilya Hohenzollern|Hohenzollern]] ay namuno sa Berlin hanggang 1918, una bilang mga elektor ng Brandenburgo, pagkatapos ay bilang mga hari ng [[Prusya]], at kalaunan bilang mga [[emperador ng Alemanya]]. Noong 1443, sinimulan ni [[Federico II, Elektor ng Brandenburgo|Federico II Ngiping Bakal]] ang pagtatayo ng isang bagong [[Stadtschloss, Berlin|palasyo]] ng hari sa kambal na lungsod ng Berlin-Cölln. Ang mga protesta ng mga mamamayan ng bayan laban sa gusali ay nagtapos noong 1448, sa "Indignasyong Berlin" ("Berliner Unwille").<ref>{{Cite web |last=Komander |first=Gerhild H. M. |date=November 2004 |title=Berliner Unwillen |trans-title=Berlin unwillingness |url=https://www.diegeschichteberlins.de/geschichteberlins/berlinabc/stichworteag/555-berliner-unwillen.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919215632/https://www.diegeschichteberlins.de/geschichteberlins/berlinabc/stichworteag/555-berliner-unwillen.html |archive-date=19 September 2013 |access-date=30 May 2013 |publisher=Verein für die Geschichte Berlins e. V. |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Conrad |first=Andreas |date=26 October 2012 |title=Was den "Berliner Unwillen" erregte |language=de |trans-title=What aroused the "Berlin unwillingness" |work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/serie-was-den-berliner-unwillen-erregte/7301932.html |url-status=live |access-date=10 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008183148/https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/serie-was-den-berliner-unwillen-erregte/7301932.html |archive-date=8 October 2018}}</ref> Hindi naging matagumpay ang protestang ito at nawalan ang mga mamamayan ng marami sa mga pampolitika at pang-ekonomiyang pribilehiyo. Nang matapos ang palasyo ng hari noong 1451, unti-unti itong nagamit. Mula 1470, kasama ang bagong elektor na si [[Alberto III Aquiles, Elektor ng Brandenburgo|Alberto III Aquiles]], naging bagong tirahan ng hari ang Berlin-Cölln.<ref name="Lui stadtgr2">{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=Stadtgründung Und Frühe Stadtentwicklung |trans-title=City foundation and early urban development |url=https://berlingeschichte.de/stadtentwicklung/texte/articles/1_02_stadtgr |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620011811/http://berlingeschichte.de/stadtentwicklung/texte/articles/1_02_stadtgr#selection-75.18-75.40 |archive-date=20 June 2013 |access-date=10 November 2018 |publisher=Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein |language=de}}</ref> Opisyal, ang palasyo ng Berlin-Cölln ay naging permanenteng tirahan ng mga Brandenburgong elektor ng Hohenzollerns mula 1486, nang si [[John Cicero, Elektor ng Brandenburgo|John Cicero]] ay maupo sa kapangyarihan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The electors' residence |url=https://www.berlin.de/berlin-im-ueberblick/en/history/the-electors-residence/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421214734/https://www.berlin.de/berlin-im-ueberblick/en/history/the-electors-residence/ |archive-date=21 April 2017 |access-date=11 June 2013 |publisher=BerlinOnline Stadtportal GmbH & Co. KG}}</ref> Gayunpaman, kinailangan ng Berlin-Cölln na talikuran ang katayuan nito bilang isang malayang lungsod [[Ligang Hanseatico|Hanseatico]]. Noong 1539, opisyal na naging [[Luteranismo|Luterano]] ang mga botante at ang lungsod.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Berlin Cathedral |url=https://www.smp-protein.de/SMPConference/berlin.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818100934/https://www.smp-protein.de/SMPConference/berlin.htm |archive-date=18 August 2006 |access-date=18 August 2008 |publisher=SMPProtein}}</ref>
=== Ika-17 hanggang ika-19 na siglo ===
Ang [[Digmaan ng Tatlumpung Taon]] sa pagitan ng 1618 at 1648 ay nagwasak sa Berlin. Sangkatlo ng mga bahay nito ang nasira o nawasak, at ang lungsod ay nawalan ng kalahati ng populasyon nito.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brandenburg during the 30 Years War |url=https://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/germany/bra30.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928213849/https://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/germany/bra30.html |archive-date=28 September 2008 |access-date=18 August 2008 |publisher=World History at KMLA}}</ref> Si [[Federico Guillermo I, Elektor ng Brandenburgo|Federico Guillermo]], na kilala bilang "Dakilang Elektor", na humalili sa kanyang ama na si [[Jorge Guillermo, Elektor ng Brandenburgo|Jorge Guillermo]] bilang pinuno noong 1640, ay nagpasimula ng isang patakaran ng pagtataguyod ng imigrasyon at pagpaparaya sa relihiyon.<ref name="Carlyle18532">{{cite book|first=Thomas|last=Carlyle|title=Fraser's Magazine|url=https://archive.org/details/frasersmagazine03carlgoog|year=1853|publisher=J. Fraser|page=[https://archive.org/details/frasersmagazine03carlgoog/page/n71 63]|access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref> Sa [[Kautusan ng Potsdam]] noong 1685, nag-alok si Frederick William ng pagpapakupkop para sa mga [[Huguenot]] na Pranses.<ref name="Plaut19952">{{cite book|first=W. Gunther|last=Plaut|title=Asylum: A Moral Dilemma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oirvylPVAhAC&pg=PA42|date=1 January 1995|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-95196-2|page=42|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=15 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915214210/https://books.google.com/books?id=oirvylPVAhAC&pg=PA42|url-status=live}}</ref>
Noong 1700, humigit-kumulang 30 porsiyento ng mga residente ng Berlin ay Pranses, dahil sa imigrasyon ng mga Huguenot.<ref name="Gray20072">{{cite book|first=Jeremy|last=Gray|title=Germany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5t5mZE_s5YC&pg=PA49|year=2007|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74059-988-7|page=49|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=15 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915225030/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5t5mZE_s5YC&pg=PA49|url-status=live}}</ref> Marami pang ibang imigrante ang nagmula sa [[Bohemya|Bohemia]], [[Mankomunidad ng Polonya-Litwanya|Polonya]], at [[Prinsipado-Arsobispado ng Salzburgo|Salzburg]].<ref name="Cybriwsky20132">{{cite book|first=Roman Adrian|last=Cybriwsky|title=Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qb6NAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA48|date=23 May 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-248-9|page=48|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=15 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915232139/https://books.google.com/books?id=qb6NAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA48|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Talaksan:Berlin_Unter_den_Linden_Victoria_Hotel_um_1900.jpg|left|thumb|Ang Berlin ay naging kabesera ng [[Imperyong Aleman]] noong 1871 at mabilis na lumawak sa mga sumunod na taon.]]
Mula noong 1618, ang Margrabyado ng Brandenburgo ay [[Personal na unyon|personal]] na nakipag-isa sa [[Dukado ng Prusya]]. Noong 1701, nabuo ng dalawahang estado ang [[Kaharian ng Prusya]] habang si [[Federico III, Elektor ng Brandenburgo]], ay kinoronahan ang sarili bilang haring [[Federico I sa Prusya]]. Ang Berlin ay naging kabesera ng bagong Kaharian,<ref>Horlemann, Bernd (Hrsg.</ref> pinalitan ang [[Königsberg]]. Ito ay isang matagumpay na pagtatangka na isentralisa ang kabesera sa napakalayo na estado, at ito ang unang pagkakataon na ang lungsod ay nagsimulang lumago. Noong 1709, pinagsama ang Berlin sa apat na lungsod ng Cölln, Friedrichswerder, Friedrichstadt, at Dorotheenstadt sa ilalim ng pangalang Berlin, "Haupt- und Residenzstadt Berlin".<ref name="Stöver20102">Stöver B. Geschichte Berlins.</ref>
Noong 1740, si Federico II, na kilala bilang [[Federico II ng Prusya|Federico ang Dakila]] (1740–1786), ay naluklok sa kapangyarihan.<ref name="Zaide19652">{{cite book|first=Gregorio F.|last=Zaide|title=World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kq512SmGMIsC&pg=PA273|year=1965|publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc.|isbn=978-971-23-1472-8|page=273|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=15 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915200510/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kq512SmGMIsC&pg=PA273|url-status=live}}</ref> Sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni Federico II, ang Berlin ay naging sentro ng [[Panahon ng Kaliwanagan|Kaliwanagan]], ngunit saglit ding sinakop noong [[Digmaan ng Pitong Taon]] ng hukbong Ruso.<ref name="PerryChase20122">{{cite book|first1=Marvin|last1=Perry|first2=Myrna|last2=Chase|first3=James|last3=Jacob|first4=Margaret|last4=Jacob|first5=Theodore|last5=Von Laue|title=Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YYIJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA444|date=1 January 2012|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-133-70864-3|page=444|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=14 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914174457/https://books.google.com/books?id=YYIJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA444|url-status=live}}</ref> Kasunod ng tagumpay ng Pransiya sa [[Digmaan ng Ikaapat na Koalisyon|Digmaan ng Ika-apat na Koalisyon]], [[Pagbagsak ng Berlin (1806)|nagmartsa]] si [[Napoleon I ng Pransiya|Napoleon Bonaparte]] sa Berlin noong 1806, ngunit nagbigay ng nagsasariling pamahalaan sa lungsod.<ref name="Lewis20132">{{cite book|first=Peter B.|last=Lewis|title=Arthur Schopenhauer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TBXX9KVtzsC&pg=PA57|date=15 February 2013|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-78023-069-6|page=57|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=14 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914174348/https://books.google.com/books?id=6TBXX9KVtzsC&pg=PA57|url-status=live}}</ref> Noong 1815, ang lungsod ay naging bahagi ng bagong [[Lalawigan ng Brandenburgo]].<ref name="StaffInc.20102">{{cite book|author1=Harvard Student Agencies Inc. Staff|author2=Harvard Student Agencies, Inc.|title=Let's Go Berlin, Prague & Budapest: The Student Travel Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nj0YqD4ntvIC&pg=PA83|date=28 December 2010|publisher=Avalon Travel|isbn=978-1-59880-914-5|page=83|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=14 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914181704/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nj0YqD4ntvIC&pg=PA83|url-status=live}}</ref>
Binago ng [[Rebolusyong Industriyal]] ang Berlin noong ika-19 na siglo; kapansin-pansing lumawak ang ekonomiya at populasyon ng lungsod, at naging pangunahing sentro ng riles at sentro ng ekonomiya ng Alemanya. Ang mga karagdagang suburb sa lalong madaling panahon ay umunlad at tumaas ang lugar at populasyon ng Berlin. Noong 1861, ang mga kalapit na suburb kasama ang [[Kasal (Berlin)|Wedding]], [[Moabit]], at ilang iba pa ay isinanib sa Berlin.<ref name="Schulte-Peevers20102">{{cite book|author=Andrea Schulte-Peevers|title=Lonel Berlin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DKlXQS6c3p0C&pg=PA25|date=15 September 2010|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74220-407-9|page=25|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=15 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915214354/https://books.google.com/books?id=DKlXQS6c3p0C&pg=PA25|url-status=live}}</ref> Noong 1871, ang Berlin ay naging kabisera ng bagong itinatag na [[Imperyong Aleman]].<ref name="Stöver20132">{{cite book|first=Bernd|last=Stöver|title=Berlin: A Short History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVA8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT20|date=2 October 2013|publisher=C.H.Beck|isbn=978-3-406-65633-0|page=20|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=15 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915200615/https://books.google.com/books?id=LVA8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT20|url-status=live}}</ref> Noong 1881, naging distritong lungsod ito na hiwalay sa Brandenburgo.<ref name="Strassmann20082">{{cite book|first=W. Paul|last=Strassmann|title=The Strassmanns: Science, Politics and Migration in Turbulent Times (1793–1993)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cCuBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|date=15 June 2008|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-84545-416-6|page=26|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=10 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910121944/https://books.google.com/books?id=5cCuBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|url-status=live}}</ref>[[Talaksan:Berlin Brandenburger Tor BW 1.jpg|thumb|left|250px]]
== Mga sanggunian ==
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