Gabi ng Pangangaluluwa: Pagkakaiba sa mga binago
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Linya 12:
* All Saints' Eve<ref>{{cite journal |year=1973 |title=NEDCO Producers' Guide |journal= |language=en |publisher=Northeast Dairy Cooperative Federation |volume=31–33 |quote=Dating ipinagdiwang bilang gabi bago ang Undas, pinili ng mga Kristiyano ang Nobyembre 1 para igalang ang kanilang mga santo. Ang gabi bago iyon ay tinawag na All Saints' Eve o hallowed eve na may kahulugang banal na gabi.}}</ref>}}
|observedby = Mga [[Kristiyanismong Kanluranin|Kanluraning Kristiyano]] at maraming di-Kristiyano [[geography of Halloween|sa mundo]]<ref name=Fasting>{{cite web|title=BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows' Eve|trans-title=BBC – Mga Relihiyon – Kristiyanismo: All Hallows' Eve|language=en|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/holydays/halloween_1.shtml|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)|quote=Laganap ang paniwala na maraming tradisyon ng Hallowe'en ay nanggaling sa sinaunang pista ng mga Selta na tinatawag na Samhain na isinakristiyano ng sinaunang Simbahan.... Pumapatak ang All Hallows' Eve sa ika-31 ng Oktubre sa bawat taon, at ito ang bisperas ng All Hallows' Day, kilala rin bilang Araw ng mga Santo sa kalendaryong Kristiyano. Naging kaugalian ng Simbahan na magdaos ng bihilya sa Bisperas ng Undas kung kailan maghahanda ang mga mananamba sa pamamagitan ng pagdarasal at pag-aayuno bago ang mismong araw ng kapistahan. Ang pangalan ay nagmula sa Lumang Ingles na 'hallowed' na nangangahulugang banal o pinabanal at ngayon ay pinapaikli sa mas kilalang salita na Hallowe'en. ...Gayunpaman, may mga tagasuporta ng pananaw na ang Hallowe'en, bilang bisperas ng Undas, ay hindi nanggaling mula sa Samhain ... (Isinalin ang sipi mula sa Ingles)|year=2010|access-date=1 Nobyembre 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103105817/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/holydays/halloween_1.shtml|archive-date=3 Nobyembre 2011}}</ref>
|significance = Unang araw ng ''[[Allhallowtide]]''
|date = [[Oktubre 31]]
|celebrations = ''[[Trick-or-treat]]'', [[Halloween costume|costume]] [[Costume party|parties]], paggawa ng mga ''[[jack-o'-lantern]]'', pagsisindi ng [[bonfire|siga]], [[propesiya|paghuhula]], ''[[apple bobbing]]'', pagdadalaw sa mga [[Haunted attraction (simulated)|pinagmumultuhang lugar]].
Linya 21:
Ang '''Gabi ng Pangangaluluwa'''<ref name=Gaboy>{{cite-Gaboy|''Halloween'', gabi ng pangangaluluwa}}</ref> o mas kilala bilang '''Halloween'''<ref name="Contraction">{{cite book|title=A History of the Scottish People from the Earliest Times: From the Union of the kingdoms, 1706, to the present time|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryscottis00annagoog|publisher=Blackie|first1=Thomas|last1=Thomson|first2=Charles|last2=Annandale|quote=Sa mga nakasaad na simpleng pagdiriwang na kakaiba sa Eskosya, ang pinakamahalaga ang Hallowe'en, na pinaikli mula sa All-hallow Evening, o ang gabi ng Undas, ang taunang pagbalik ng panahon para sa kagalakan at kasiyahan. (Isinalin ang sipi mula sa Ingles)|year=1896|access-date=31 Oktubre 2011|language=en|trans-title=Kasaysyan ng mga Ekoses mula sa Pinakaunang Panahon: Mula sa Unyon ng mga kaharian, 1706, hanggang sa kasalukuyan}}</ref> ay pistang [[geography of Halloween|ipinagdiriwang sa maraming bansa]] tuwing Oktubre 31, ang [[bisperas]] ng [[Undas]]. Sinisimulan nito ang pangingilin ng ''[[Allhallowtide]]'',<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=Tudor Hallowtide |url=http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/little-moreton-hall/things-to-see-and-do/view-page/item994753/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006071731/https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/little-moreton-hall/things-to-see-and-do/view-page/item994753/ |archive-date=6 Oktubre 2014 |publisher=[[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty]] |language=en |quote=Sinasaklaw ng Hallowtide ang tatlong araw – 31 Oktubre (Gabi ng Pangangaluluwa o Halloween), 1 Nobyembre (Undas) at 2 Nobyembre (Araw ng mga Kaluluwa). (Isinalin ang sipi mula sa Ingles)}}</ref> ang panahon sa [[taong liturhikal]] nakalaan sa pag-aalala ng patay, kabilang ang mga [[santo]], [[martir]], at lahat ng yumao.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hughes |first=Rebekkah |date=29 Oktubre 2014 |title=Happy Hallowe'en Surrey! |page=1 |work=The Stag |publisher=[[University of Surrey]] |url=http://www.ussu.co.uk/stagmedia/Documents/Issues/The%20Stag%20-%20Issue%2076%20(Small%20File%20Size).pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=31 Oktubre 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119032631/http://www.ussu.co.uk/stagmedia/Documents/Issues/The%20Stag%20-%20Issue%2076%20(Small%20File%20Size).pdf |archive-date=19 Nobyembre 2015 |quote=Ang Halloween o Hallowe'en, ay ang taunang pista sa Oktubre 31 na nangangahulugan ng unang araw ng Allhallowtide, ang panahon para alalahanin ang mga yumao, kabilang dito ang mga martir, santo at lahat ng mga tapat na yumaong Kristiyano. (Isinalin ang sipi mula sa Ingles)}}</ref><ref name="Davis2009">{{cite book|last1=Davis|first1=Kenneth C.|title=Don't Know Much About Mythology: Everything You Need to Know About the Greatest Stories in Human History but Never Learned|date=29 Disyembre 2009|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|isbn=978-0-06-192575-7|page=231|language=en|trans-title=Kaunti Lang Ang Alam sa Mitolohiya: Lahat ng Kailangang Alamin Tungkol sa Mga Pinakamagandang Kuwento sa Kasaysayan ng Tao Ngunit Hindi Kailanman Natutunan}}</ref>
Ayon sa isang teorya, naimpluwensiyahan ang mga kaugalian sa Halloween ng mga [[harvest festival|kapistahan sa pag-aani]] ng mga [[Mga Selta|Selta]], lalo na ang [[Samhain]], isang kapistahang [[Gaels|Gaeliko]], na pinaniniwalaang nag-uugat sa [[paganismo]].<ref name="Smith2004">{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Bonnie G.|title=Women's History in Global Perspective|access-date=14 December 2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q8Ix-M8LWcC |year=2004|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-02931-8|page=66|quote=The pre-Christian observance obviously influenced the Christian celebration of All Hallows' Eve, just as the Taoist festival affected the newer Buddhist Ullambana festival. Although the Christian version of All Saints' and All Souls' Days came to emphasize prayers for the dead, visits to graves, and the role of the living assuring the safe passage to heaven of their departed loved ones, older notions never disappeared.}}</ref><ref name=Christianity1>{{cite book|author=Nicholas Rogers|title=Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stWZ_UDteMIC&pg=PA22|quote=Halloween and the Day of the Dead share a common origin in the Christian commemoration of the dead on All Saints' and All Souls' Day. But both are thought to embody strong pre-Christian beliefs. In the case of Halloween, the Celtic celebration of Samhain is critical to its pagan legacy, a claim that has been foregrounded in recent years by both new-age enthusiasts and the evangelical Right.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|access-date=31 October 2011|isbn=978-0-19-516896-9}}</ref><ref name=Christianity2>{{cite book|title=Austrian information|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9FU7AQAAIAAJ&q=all+hallow's+eve+wear+masks+Christian+souls+vengeance|quote=The feasts of Hallowe'en, or All Hallows Eve and the devotions to the dead on All Saints' and All Souls' Day are both mixtures of old Celtic, Druid and other pagan customs intertwined with Christian practice.|year=1965|access-date=31 October 2011}}</ref><ref name=Christianity3>{{cite book|title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopædia of World Religions|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/408 408]|publisher=Merriam-Webster|quote=Halloween, ''also called'' All Hallows' Eve, holy or hallowed evening observed on October 31, the eve of All Saints' Day. The Irish pre-Christian observances influenced the Christian festival of All Hallows' Eve, celebrated on the same date.|year=1999|access-date=31 October 2011|isbn=978-0-87779-044-0}}</ref> Humihigit pa ang ilan at nagmumungkahi na maaaring [[Kristiyanisasyon|naisakristiyano]] ang Samhain bilang Undas, pati na rin ang bisperas nito, ng [[early Church|sinaunang Simbahan]].<ref name="Roberts1987">{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Brian K.|title=The Making of the English Village: A Study in Historical Geography|access-date=14 December 2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjbYAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Longman Scientific & Technical|isbn=978-0-582-30143-6|quote=Time out of time', when the barriers between this world and the next were down, the dead returned from the grave, and gods and strangers from the underworld walked abroad was a twice- yearly reality, on dates Christianised as All Hallows' Eve and All Hallows' Day.}}</ref> Pinaniniwalaan ng mga ibang akademiko na nagsimula ang Halloween bilang kapistahang [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]] lamang, na siyang [[Vigil#Eves of religious celebrations|bihilya]] ng Undas.<ref name="FoleyO’Donnell2008">{{cite book |last1=O’Donnell |first1=Hugh |last2=Foley |first2=Malcolm |title=Treat or Trick? Halloween in a Globalising World |date=18 December 2008 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-0265-9 |pages=91–92 |language=en |quote=Hutton (1996, 363) identifies Rhys as a key figure who, along with another Oxbridge academic, James Frazer, romanticised the notion of Samhain and exaggerated its influence on Halloween. Hutton argues that Rhys had no substantiated documentary evidence for claiming that Halloween was the Celtic new year, but inferred it from contemporary folklore in Wales and Ireland. Moreover, he argues that Rhys: "thought that [he] was vindicated when he paid a subsequent visit to the Isle of Man and found its people sometimes called 31 October New Year's Night (''Hog-unnaa'') and practised customs which were usually associated with 31 December. In fact the flimsy nature of all this evidence ought to have been apparent from the start. The divinatory and purificatory rituals on 31 October could be explained by a connection to the most eerie of Christian feasts (All Saints) or by the fact that they ushered in the most dreaded of seasons. The many "Hog-unnaa" customs were also widely practised on the conventional New Year's Eve, and Rhys was uncomfortably aware that they might simply have been transferred, in recent years, from then Hallowe'en, to increase merriment and fundraising on the latter. He got round this problem by asserting that in his opinion (based upon no evidence at all) the transfer had been the other way round." ... Hutton points out that Rhy's unsubstantiated notions were further popularised by Frazer who used them to support an idea of his own, that Samhain, as well as being the origin of Halloween, had also been a pagan Celtic feast of the dead—a notion used to account for the element of ghosts, witches and other unworldly spirits commonly featured within Halloween. ... Halloween's preoccupation with the netherworld and with the supernatural owes more to the Christian festival of All Saints or All Souls, rather than vice versa.}}</ref><ref name="Barr2016">{{cite news |last1=Barr |first1=Beth Allison |title=Guess what? Halloween is more Christian than Pagan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2016/10/28/guess-what-halloween-is-more-christian-than-pagan/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=15 October 2020 |language=en |date=28 October 2016 |quote=It is the medieval Christian festivals of All Saints’ and All Souls’ that provide our firmest foundation for Halloween. From emphasizing dead souls (both good and evil), to decorating skeletons, lighting candles for processions, building [[bonfire]]s to ward off evil spirits, organizing community feasts, and even encouraging carnival practices like costumes, the medieval and early modern traditions of “Hallowtide” fit well with our modern holiday. So what does this all mean? It means that when we celebrate Halloween, we are definitely participating in a tradition with deep historical roots. But, while those roots are firmly situated in the medieval Christian past, their historical connection to “paganism” is rather more tenuous.}}</ref><ref>*{{cite web|url=http://search.salzburg.com/display/SNZ41-2922809130.10.2010|title=Kein 'Trick or Treat' bei Salzburgs Kelten|last=Moser|first=Stefan|date=29 October 2010|publisher=Salzburger Nachrichten|language=de|access-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317122059/http://search.salzburg.com/display/SNZ41-2922809130.10.2010|archive-date=17 March 2014|quote=Die Kelten haben gar nichts mit Halloween zu tun", entkräftet Stefan Moser, Direktor des Keltenmuseums Hallein, einen weit verbreiteten Mythos. Moser sieht die Ursprünge von Halloween insgesamt in einem christlichen Brauch, nicht in einem keltischen.}}
*{{citation |title=Samhain – Halloween – Allerheiligen|last1=Döring|first1=Alois|last2=Bolinius|first2=Erich|date=31 October 2006|publisher=FDP Emden|language=de |quote=Die lückenhaften religionsgeschichtlichen Überlieferungen, die auf die Neuzeit begrenzte historische Dimension der Halloween-Kultausprägung, vor allem auch die Halloween-Metaphorik legen nahe, daß wir umdenken müssen: Halloween geht nicht auf das heidnische Samhain zurück, sondern steht in Bezug zum christlichen Totengedenkfest Allerheiligen/ Allerseelen.}}
*{{cite book|last=Hörandner|first=Editha|title=Halloween in der Steiermark und anderswo|year=2005|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|language=de|isbn=978-3-8258-8889-3|pages=8, 12, 30|quote= Der Wunsch nach einer Tradition, deren Anfänge sich in grauer Vorzeit verlieren, ist bei Dachleuten wie laien gleichmäßig verbreitet. ... Abgesehen von Irrtümern wie die Herleitung des Fests in ungebrochener Tradition ("seit 2000 Jahren") ist eine mangelnde vertrautheit mit der heimischen Folklore festzustellen. Allerheiligen war lange vor der Halloween invasion ein wichtiger Brauchtermin und ist das ncoh heute. ... So wie viele heimische Bräuche generell als fruchtbarkeitsbringend und dämonenaustreibend interpretiert werden, was trottz aller Aufklärungsarbeit nicht auszurotten ist, begegnet uns Halloween als ...heidnisches Fest. Aber es wird nicht als solches inszeniert.}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.wdr.de/themen/freizeit/brauchtum/halloween_10/interview_doering.jhtml?rubrikenstyle=freizeit|title=Süßes, Saures – olle Kamellen? Ist Halloween schon wieder out?|last=Döring|first=Dr. Volkskundler Alois|year=2011|publisher=[[Westdeutscher Rundfunk]]|language=de|access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-date=14 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614110611/http://www.wdr.de/themen/freizeit/brauchtum/halloween_10/interview_doering.jhtml?rubrikenstyle=freizeit|quote=Dr. Alois Döring ist wissenschaftlicher Referent für Volkskunde beim LVR-Institut für Landeskunde und Regionalgeschichte Bonn. Er schrieb zahlreiche Bücher über Bräuche im Rheinland, darunter das Nachschlagewerk "Rheinische Bräuche durch das Jahr". Darin widerspricht Döring der These, Halloween sei ursprünglich ein keltisch-heidnisches Totenfest. Vielmehr stamme Halloween von den britischen Inseln, der Begriff leite sich ab von "All Hallows eve", Abend vor Allerheiligen. Irische Einwanderer hätten das Fest nach Amerika gebracht, so Döring, von wo aus es als "amerikanischer" Brauch nach Europa zurückkehrte.}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=All Hallows' Eve |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/holydays/halloween_1.shtml |publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=29 October 2020 |language=en |date=20 October 2011|quote=However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe'en, as the eve of All Saints' Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain and some question the existence of a specific pan-Celtic religious festival which took place on 31st October/1st November.}}</ref> Ipinagdiriwang sa Irlanda at Eskosya ng daan-daang taon, nagdala ang mga dayuhang [[Irish diaspora|Irlandes]] at [[Scottish diaspora|Eskoses]] ng maraming kaugalian ng Halloween sa Hilagang Amerika sa ika-19 na siglo,<ref name="rogers_nw" /><ref name="Brunvand, Jan 2006. p.749">Brunvand, Jan (editor). ''American Folklore: An Encyclopedia''. Routledge, 2006. p.749</ref> at sa pamamagitan ng impluwensiya ng Amerika, kumalat ang Halloween sa mga ibang bansa sa dulong bahagi ng ika-20 at unang bahagi ng ika-21 siglo.<ref name="Colavito, Jason 2007. pp.151">Colavito, Jason. ''Knowing Fear: Science, Knowledge and the Development of the Horror Genre''. McFarland, 2007. pp.151–152</ref><ref name="rogers_m" />
== Tingnan din ==
* [[Kendi o biro]], kaugalian sa Estados Unidos at Canada tuwing Gabi ng Pangangaluluwa
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