Kasu-kasuan: Pagkakaiba sa mga binago
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Ang '''kasu-kasuan''' (Ingles: ''joint'') ay ang lokasyon ng '''sugpungan''', '''sugpong''', '''hugpong''', o '''hugpungan''' kung saan dalawa o higit pang bilang ng mga [[buto (anatomiya)|buto]] ang nagduduop, nagkakadikit, o nag-uugnayan.<ref>{{EMedicineDictionary|Joint}} {{dead link|date=Marso 2009}}</ref> Binuo silang nagpapahintulot ng galaw at nagbibigay ng suportang mekanikal, at kinaklasipika ayon sa kayarian o istruktura at ayon sa tungkulin o punksyon.<ref name="isbn0-443-07168-3">{{cite book |author=Ellis, Harold; Susan Standring; Gray, Henry David |title=Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice |publisher=Elsevier Churchill Livingstone |location=St. Louis, Mo |year=2005 |pages=38 |isbn=0-443-07168-3 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref>
==Classification==
[[Image:Gray298.png|thumb|right|Depiction of an intervertebral disk, a cartilaginous joint.]]
[[Image:Illu synovial joint.jpg|thumb|right|Diagram of a synovial (diarthrosis) joint.]]
Joints are mainly classified structurally and functionally. Structural classification is determined by how the bones connect to each other, while functional classification is determined by the degree of movement between the articulating bones. In practice, there is significant overlap between the two types of classifications.
Terms ending in the [[suffix]] -sis are singular and refer to just one joint, while -ses is the suffix for pluralization.
=== Klasipikasyong pangkayarian ===
Pinapangalanan at hinahati sa klasipikasyong istruktural ang mga kasu-kasuan ayon sa kung paano kumakabit ang mga buto sa bawat isa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/modules/joints_module/joints_03.html |title=Introduction to Joints (3) |accessdate=2008-01-29 |format= |work= | publisher=anatomy.med.umich.edu}}</ref> Mayroong tatlong pangkayariang pagpapangkat ang mga kasu-kasuan:
* [[fibrous joint|kasu-kasuang mahibla]] - pinagdirikit ng [[fibrous connective tissue|mahiblang tisyung pangkunekta]]
* [[cartilaginous joint|kasu-kasuang kartilahiyoso]] - pinagdirikit ng [[cartilage|butong mura]]
* [[synovial joint|kasu-kasuang sinobyal]] - hindi tuwirang magkadikit
=== Klasipikasyong punksyonal ===
Maaari ring pagpangkat-pangkatin ang mga kasu-kasuan ayon sa tungkulin ng mga ito, sa pamamagitan ng degri o antas ng [[mobilidad]] o paggalaw na pinapahintulot ng mga ito:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/modules/joints_module/joints_02.html |title=Introduction to Joints (2) |accessdate=2008-01-29 |format= |work=| publisher=anatomy.med.umich.edu}}</ref>
* [[synarthrosis|sinartrosis]] - nagpapapayag ng kaunti o walang paggalaw. Karamihan sa mga kasu-kasuang sinartrosis ang [[fibrous joint|kasu-kasuang may pibra]] (halimbawa: sugpungan ng mga buto sa [[bao ng bungo|bao]] ng [[bungo]]).
* [[amphiarthrosis|ampiartrosis]] - nagpapahintulot ng bahagyang pagkilos. Karamihan sa mga kasu-kasuang ampiartrosis ang mga [[cartilaginous joint|kasu-kasuang mabutong-mura]] (halimbawa: [[Gulugod]]).
* [[diarthrosis|diartrosis]] - nagpapahintulot ng samu't saring mga galaw. Lahat ng mga kasu-kasuang diartrosis ang kasu-kasuang sinobyal (halimbawa: [[balikat]], [[balakang]], [[siko]], [[tuhod]], atbp.), at ang mga salitang "diartrosis" at "kasu-kasuang sinobyal" ay itinuturing na magkatumbas ng ''[[Terminologia Anatomica]]''.<ref>{{DorlandsDict|four/000055678|synovial joint}}</ref>
=== Klasipikasyong biyomekanikal ===
Joints can also be classified based on their anatomy or on their biomechanical properties. According to the anatomic classification, joints are subdivided into ''simple'' and ''compound'', depending on the number of bones involved, and into ''complex'' and ''combination'' joints:<ref name="titleIntroductory Anatomy: Joints">{{cite web |url=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/chb/lectures/anatomy4.html |title=Introductory Anatomy: Joints |accessdate=2008-01-29 |format= |work=}}</ref>
# Simple Joint: 2 articulation surfaces (eg. [[shoulder joint]], [[hip joint]])
# Compound Joint: 3 or more articulation surfaces (eg. [[radiocarpal joint]])
# Complex Joint: 2 or more articulation surfaces and an [[articular disc]] or [[meniscus (anatomy)|meniscus]] (eg. [[knee|knee joint]])
===Anatomical=== <!--tumuturo rito ang mga pangkat ng mga kasu-kasuan-->
The joints may be classified anatomically into the following groups:
#[[Articulations of hand]]
#[[Elbow|Elbow joints]]
#[[Wrist|Wrist joints]]
#[[Axillary articulations]]
#[[Sternoclavicular joint]]s
#[[Vertebral articulation]]s
#[[Temporomandibular joint]]s
#[[Sacroiliac joint]]s
#[[Hip joint]]s
#[[Knee|Knee joint]]s
#[[Articulations of foot]]
==Mga sanggunian==
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