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{{Infobox Korean name
|tablewidth=315
|hangul=거북선
|hanja=龜背船
|rr=Geobukseon
|mr=Kŏbuksŏn
}}
 
The '''Turtle ship''', also known as '''Geobukseon''' or '''Kobukson''', was a type of large warship belonging to the [[Panokseon]] class in [[Korea]] that was used intermittently by the [[Joseon Navy|Royal Korean Navy]] during the [[Joseon Dynasty]] from the early 15th century up until the 19th century.
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Turtle ships participated in numerous victories against [[Naval history of Japan|Japanese naval forces]] that supported [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]'s attempts to [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)|conquer Korea from 1592-1598]], inflicting heavy losses. However, their historical role may have been exaggerated since "the entire Korean fleet probably did not have more than half a dozen turtleboats in action at any one time".<ref name="Swope 2005, 32"/> Korean [[admiral]] [[Yi Sun-sin]] is credited with designing the ship. His turtle ships were equipped with at least five different types of cannon. Their most distinguishable feature was a fully covered deck that was shielded to deflect cannon fire, and with iron spikes to discourage enemy men from attempting to board the ship.
 
==Construction==
According to the ''[[Nanjung Ilgi]]'', Yi's wartime diary, Yi decided to resurrect the turtle ship in 1591, from pre-existing designs ([[#thispic|see picture]], illustrated nearly 200 years earlier), after discussing the matter with his subordinates. Once concluding that a Japanese invasion was possible, if not imminent, Yi and his subordinate officers constructed the first modern turtle ship. Yi's diary, along with the book entitled ''[[Hangrok]]'' written by his nephew Yi Beon, described numerous important details about the structures, construction progress, and the use of turtle ships in battle, as well as the testing of weaponry used in the ships.
 
The mounted weapons, [[Korean cannon]]s with ranges from about 300 to 500 metres, were tested on March 12, 1592. Yi completed his first turtle ship and launched it on March 27, 1592, one day before the [[Siege of Busan]] and the [[Battle of Tadaejin]].
 
==Structure==
 
Many different versions of the turtle ships served during the war, but in general they were about 100 to 120 feet long (30 to 37 metres long), and strongly resembled the [[Panokseon]]'s bottom structure. The turtle ship was technically a hull that was placed on top of a ''Panokseon'', with a large anchor held in the front of the ship, and other minor modifications.
 
On the bow of the vessel was mounted a dragon head which emitted [[sulfur]] smoke to effectively hide its movement from the enemy in short distance combat. The dragon head was large enough for a cannon to fit inside. The dragon head served as a form of [[psychological warfare]], with the aim of striking fear into the hearts of Japanese sailors. Early versions of the turtle ship would burn poisonous materials in the dragons head to release a poisonous smoke.
 
In the front of the ship was a large anchor. Below the anchor was a wooden crest that was shaped like a face, and these were used to ram into enemy ships.
Similar to the standard ''Panokseon'', the turtle ship had two masts and two sails. Oars were also used for maneuvering and increased speed. Another advantage the turtle ship had over its enemies was that the turtle ship could turn on its own radius.
 
The turtle ship had 10 oars and 11 cannon portholes on each side. Usually, there was one cannon porthole in the dragon head's mouth. There were two more cannon portholes on the front and back of the turtle ship. The heavy cannons enabled the turtle ships to unleash a mass volley of cannonballs (some would use special wooden bolts several feet in length, with specially engineered iron fins). Its crew complement usually comprised about 50 to 60 fighting marines and 70 oarsmen, as well as the captain.
 
Sources indicate that sharp iron spikes protruded from hexagonal plates covering the top of the turtle ship. An advantage of the closed deck was that it protected the Korean sailors and marines from small arms and incendiary fire. The spikes discouraged Japanese sailors from engaging in their primary method of naval combat at the time, grappling an enemy ship with hooks and then [[boarding (attack)|boarding]] it to engage in hand-to-hand combat.
 
Korean written descriptions all point to a maneuverable ship, capable of sudden bursts of speed. Like the standard ''Panokseon'', the turtle ship featured a U-shaped hull which gave it the advantage of a more stable cannon-firing platform, and the ability to turn within its own radius. The main disadvantage of a U-shaped bottom versus a V-shaped bottom was a somewhat slower cruising speed.
 
== Decking ==
[[Image:TurtleShip1415.jpg|thumb|<span id="thispic"></span>Early 15th century Korean turtle ship in an illustration dating to 1795<ref name="Hawley 2005, 198"/>]]
[[Image:TurtleShip1795.jpg|thumb|16th century Korean turtle ship in a depiction dating to 1795 based on a contemporary, late 18th century model.<ref name="Hawley 2005, 198">Hawley, Samuel: ''The Imjin War. Japan's Sixteenth-Century Invasion of Korea and Attempt to Conquer China'', The Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch, Seoul 2005, ISBN 89-954424-2-5, p.198</ref> Published some 200 years after the war, it is the earliest extant illustration of the turtle ship.<ref>Kim, Zae-Geun: ''An Outline of Korean Shipbuilding History'', ''Korea Journal'', Vol. 29, No. 10 (Oct. 1989), pp. 4–17 (10)</ref>]]
 
While it is clear from the available sources that the roof of the ship was covered with iron spikes to prevent boarding,<ref>Hawley, Samuel: ''The Imjin War. Japan's Sixteenth-Century Invasion of Korea and Attempt to Conquer China'', The Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch, Seoul 2005, ISBN 89-954424-2-5, p.193</ref><ref name="Turnbull 2002, 244"/> there is insufficient evidence to support the claim that it was iron plated.<ref name="Hawley 2005, 195f.">Hawley, Samuel: ''The Imjin War. Japan's Sixteenth-Century Invasion of Korea and Attempt to Conquer China'', The Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch, Seoul 2005, ISBN 89-954424-2-5, p.195f.</ref><ref name="Turnbull 2002, 244">Turnbull, Stephen: ''Samurai Invasion. Japan’s Korean War 1592-98'' (London, 2002), Cassell & Co ISBN 0-304-35948-3, p.244</ref><ref name="Roh 2004, 13">Roh, Young-koo: "Yi Sun-shin, an Admiral Who Became a Myth", ''The Review of Korean Studies'', Vol. 7, No. 3 (2004), p.13</ref> In fact, no contemporary Korean source exists which refers to the turtle ship as ironclad:<ref name="Hawley 2005, 195f."/> Admiral Yi Sun-sin, the purported inventor himself, makes no mention of any kind of ironplating in his comprehensive war diary, nor does Yi Pun, his nephew and also witness of the war, in his account of the events.<ref name="Hawley 2005, 195f."/> The annals of King Sonjo, a many thousand pages long compilation of all kinds of official documents of the period, are also silent on the subject.<ref name="Hawley 2005, 195f."/> By contrast, Korean prime minister Yu Song-nyong described the turtle ship as "covered by wooden planks on top".<ref name="Hawley 2005, 195f."/>
 
Japanese sources mention a clash in August 1592 which involved three Korean turtle ships "covered in iron".<ref name="Turnbull 2002, 244">Turnbull, Stephen: ''Samurai Invasion'', Cassel and Company, London 2002, ISBN 0-304-35948-3, p.244</ref><ref name="Hawley 2005, 602"/> However, according to Hawley, this does not necessarily mean the vessels were covered with iron plates; it could refer to the iron spikes protruding from their roofs, a fitting described for the first time three weeks earlier in Yi Sun-sin's diary.<ref name="Hawley 2005, 602">Hawley, Samuel: ''The Imjin War. Japan's Sixteenth-Century Invasion of Korea and Attempt to Conquer China'', The Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch, Seoul 2005, ISBN 89-954424-2-5, p.602</ref>
Records, though, show that the Japanese government ordered in February 1593 the military to use iron plate in building ships, possibly in response to the Korean attacks.<ref name="Turnbull 2002, 244">Turnbull, Stephen: ''Samurai Invasion'', Cassel and Company, London 2002, ISBN 0-304-35948-3, p.244</ref>
 
As it was, Yi Sun-shin, who was largely cut off from government supplies throughout his campaigns, found the relatively small amount of fifty pounds worth mentioning in his war diary.<ref name="Hawley 2005, 195f."/> Therefore, Hawley believes that it is unlikely that Admiral Yi would have passed in silence over the estimated six tons (twelve thousand pounds) of iron necessary for even a single outfit.<ref name="Hawley 2005, 195f."/> Such a large amount of iron was equivalent to one ship's entire ordnance, and would have probably been regarded more useful for casting additional cannons,<ref name="Hawley 2005, 195f."/> particularly since the Koreans were well aware that Japanese warships were practically devoid of naval guns.<ref name="Swope 2005, 32">Swope, Kenneth M. Swope: "Crouching Tigers, Secret Weapons: Military Technology Employed During the Sino-Japanese-Korean War, 1592–1598", ''The Journal of Military History'', Vol. 69 (Jan. 2005), pp. 11–42 (32)</ref> Confronted with an enemy who relied on small arms fire and boarding tactics,<ref name="Swope 2005, 32"/> and faced by the logistical and financial difficulties involved in acquiring such a large amount of iron,<ref name="Hawley 2005, 195f."/> any iron cladding of the Korean vessels has been deemed by Hawley inherently superfluous:
 
<blockquote>Until further information comes to light to the contrary, the likeliest conclusion is that Yi Sun-sin's turtle ship was armored only insofar as it was constructed of heavy timbers and covered with a thick plank roof studded with iron spikes - which against the light guns of the Japanese was armor enough.<ref name="Hawley 2005, 196f.">Hawley, Samuel: ''The Imjin War. Japan's Sixteenth-Century Invasion of Korea and Attempt to Conquer China'', The Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch, Seoul 2005, ISBN 89-954424-2-5, p.196f.</ref></blockquote>
 
Evidence for a plated turtle ship is found, according to Turnbull, in a 1795 drawing of the turtle ship where the shell is shown as being covered by a distinct hexagonal pattern, implying that there is something covering the wood shell.<ref name="Turnbull 2002, 244">Turnbull, Stephen: ''Samurai Invasion'', Cassel and Company, London 2002, ISBN 0-304-35948-3, p.244</ref> Hawley, however, questions the historical accuracy of this drawing since it departs in important ways from the 16th century ships such as its lack of the reported iron spikes (see image) and the different shape and number of the dragon heads displayed at the bow.<ref>Hawley 2005, pp. 198-199</ref> In this context, it is worth noting that the hexagonal structure, which is a natural feature of [[turtle]]s' shell,<ref>[[commons:File:Diamondback Terrapin.jpg|Turtle]]</ref> does not necessarily imply metal armour, since the designation "turtle ship" is already attested around 180 years before Yi Sun-sin's ships took to the sea (in 1413), for an early type of the vessel which by all accounts did not feature any kind of armour.<ref>Hawley 2005, 192</ref>
 
According to one hypothesis by Hawley, the idea that the Korean turtle ships were ironclad has its origins in the writings of late 19th century [[Western culture|Westerners]] returning from Korea.<ref name="Roh 2004, 13"/><ref name="Hawley 2005, 197f.">Hawley, Samuel: ''The Imjin War. Japan's Sixteenth-Century Invasion of Korea and Attempt to Conquer China'', The Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch, Seoul 2005, ISBN 89-954424-2-5, p.197f.</ref> The progression from casual comparison to a statement of fact that the turtle ships anticipated the modern ironclad by centuries can be roughly charted in retrospect, starting no earlier than ca. 1880.<ref name="Hawley 2005, 197f."/> Coming in touch with local tales of ancient armoured ships in a period which saw the rise of Western-type [[ironclad|ironclad warship]] to global prominence, these authors may have naturally conjured up the image of metal armour, instead of a more traditional heavy timber shell.<ref name="Hawley 2005, 197f."/> For instance, when Korea was threatened by the French Navy, the government ordered an "ironclad" ship be built "like the turtle ship".<ref name="Turnbull 2002, 244">Turnbull, Stephen: ''Samurai Invasion'', Cassel and Company, London 2002, ISBN 0-304-35948-3, p.244</ref> However, despite all efforts the design failed to float.<ref name="Turnbull 2002, 244"/> Turnbull believes that the 19th century experience should not rule out a "limited amount of armor plating in 1592".<ref name="Turnbull 2002, 244"/>
 
It should be mentioned that the Korean claim of priority has been in turn contested by other early modern warships, including the ''[[Santa Anna (ship)|Santa Anna]]'' of the [[Knights Hospitaller]] (1522),<ref>Jochen Brennecke: ''Geschichte der Schiffahrt'', Künzelsau 1986 (2nd. ed.), p.138</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://brockhaussuche.de/aktuell/thema.php?t_id=102&jahr=2005 |title=Brockhaus online: Malta |publisher=Brockhaussuche.de |date= |accessdate=2010-02-09}}</ref><ref>H.J.A. Sire: ''The Knights of Malta'', Yale University Press 1996, ISBN 9780300068856, p.88</ref> the Japanese [[Atakebune]] (1578; it was used primarily as a floating fortress more than a warship per se) and the Dutch ''[[Finis Bellis]]'' (1585).<ref>J. Rudlov: "Die Einführung der Panzerung im Kriegschiffbau und die Entwicklung der ersten Panzerflotten", ''Beiträge zur Geschichte der Technik und Industrie'', Vol. 2, No. 1 (1910), pp.1-58 (12f.)</ref>
 
==Weapons==
'''
===Dragon's head ===
 
[[Image:Korea-Seoul-War Memorial 2611-06 Turtle Ship Dragon Head.jpg|thumb|120 px |Dragon Head on the Turtle Ship in the War Memorial of Korea museum]]
 
The dragon's head was placed on the top of the ship at the bow. Several different versions of the dragon head were used on the turtle ships. The dragon head was first placed as an early form of psychological warfare to scare Japanese soldiers. One version carried a projector that could release a dense toxic smoke that was generated from a mixture of sulfur and saltpeter produced in the bowels of the ship. The smoke was designed to obscure vision and interfere with the Japanese ability to maneuver and coordinate properly.<ref>Google Book Search. [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0521070600&id=l6TVhvYLaEwC&pg=PA684&lpg=PA684&printsec=8&dq=turtle+ship&sig=0oSeho6n5Bk4N0CnmCf_PggXws0]</ref>
 
Yi's own diary explains that a cannon could be fitted in the mouth of the dragon to be fired at enemy ships.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1841764787&id=eviiOkceimoC&pg=PA18&lpg=PA17&printsec=8&dq=turtle+ship&sig=jWfb1_vuyzOz4sx34e_isIbwVbw Google Book Search].</ref>
'''
 
===Spikes ===
[[Image:Korea-Seoul-War Memorial 2618-06 Turtle Ship Deck Spikes.jpg|thumb|150 px|left|Deck Spikes on the Turtle Ship in the War Memorial of Korea museum]]
 
Metal spikes were used to cover the top of the turtle ship to deter boarding tactics used by the Japanese. According to historical records, the spikes were covered with empty rice sacks or rice mats to lure the Japanese into trying to board, since the boarding would appear safe. However, modern authors have found this to be unlikely since such an arrangement would have invited enemy fire arrows.<ref name="Bak">Hae-Ill Bak: “A Short Note on the Iron-clad Turtle Boats of Admiral Yi Sun-sin," Korea Journal 17:1 (January 1977): 34-39 (36f.)</ref>
 
===Cannon===
{{main|Korean cannon}}
 
The turtle ship was equipped with ''Cheonja'' (Heaven), ''Gija'' (Earth), ''Hyeonja'' (Black), and ''Hwangja'' (yellow) type cannons. There was also an [[arquebus]] known as ''Seungja'' (victory). The ''Seungja'' cannon ranged 200 metres, while the ''Hwangja'' was the lightest but with a range of 1200 metres. One Japanese record of the Battle at Angolpo records the experience of two Japanese commanders on July 9th, 1592 in their battle against turtle ships, "their (turtle ships') attack continued until about 6 o'clock in the afternoon, by firing large fire-arrows through repeated alternate approaches, even as close as 18-30 feet. As a result almost every part of our ships - the turret, the passages and the side shielding - were totally destroyed..."<ref name="Bak"/>
 
==Tactical use==
Yi resurrected the turtle ship as a close-assault vessel, intended to ram enemy ships and sink them, similar to their use in past centuries. Despite smaller numbers, disabling or sinking enemy's lead command ship could severely damage command structure and morale of the enemy fleet. After ramming, the turtle ship would unleash a broadside volley of cannonballs. Because of this tactic, the Japanese called the turtle ships the ''mekurabune'' (目蔵船), or "blind ships", because they would blast and ram into enemy ships. This kind of attack was used during the [[Dangpo Battle]] and [[Battle of Sacheon (1592)]].
 
The turtle ship's main use of the plating was as an anti-boarding device, due to the top plating of the turtle ship and its protruded spikes. [[Grappling hooks]] could not gain direct hold on the plating, and jumping on top of the turtle ship often meant being impaled. The heavy timber plating deflected arrows and [[arquebus]] rounds.
 
Later, the turtle ship was used for other purposes such as spearheading attacks or ambushing Japanese ships in tight areas such as in the [[Battle of Noryang]].
 
Despite popular depiction, the turtle ship was not an extremely slow ship. The turtle ship had oar propulsion as well as sails, and could turn on its axis like the panokseon. Admiral Yi constructed the turtle ship to be fast and agile for the purpose of ramming.
 
==Turtle ships today==
A turtle ship has been reconstructed by ''Keobukseon Research Center'' (거북선연구원),<ref>거북선연구원: [http://www.keobukseon.co.kr/ Keobukseon Research Center]</ref> which is a private commercial company. They have done extensive research on the original design of the turtle ship, and made several real-size reconstructions of them for commercial use. These were deployed in a Korean [[drama]], ''The [[Immortal Admiral Yi Sun-shin]]'' (불멸의 이순신).<ref>KBS Drama: [http://www.kbs.co.kr/end_program/drama/leesoonshin/ The Immortal Yi Soon Shin].</ref> Several museums host turtle ships on display, and people can visit and go inside a 1:1 scale turtle ship that is anchored at [[Yeosu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.korea.net/News/News/NewsView.asp?serial_no=20080410025&part=106&SearchDay=&source= |title=Admiral Yi and his turtle ship resurrect in late April&#124; Korea.net News |publisher=Korea.net |date=2008-04-12 |accessdate=2010-02-09}}</ref> [[North Korea]]n delegations to the south seem to be more reserved about the significance of his historical role.<ref>Allen Clark: ''Admiral Yi Sun-sin and his Turtle Boat Armada'' (Review), ''Korea Journal'' (Sept. 1973), pp. 68–71 (68)</ref>
 
Turtle ships are present in the Korean campaign in the [[Real-time strategy]] game [[Age of Empires II: The Conquerors]], where the player must use them to defeat the Japanese invasion.
 
==See also==
*[[List of Korea-related topics]]
*[[Military history of Korea]]
*[[History of Korea]]
*[[Battle of Okpo]]
*[[Battle of Hansan Island]]
*[[Battle of Sacheon (1592)]]
*[[Ship replica]] (including a list of ship replicas)
*[[Panokseon]]
*[[Singijeon]]
*[[Hwacha]]
*[[Yi Sun-Sin]]
 
==Notes==
*{{note|early1}} The first account is in the "Annals of King Taejong", Year 13, early in the 5th lunar month.
*{{note|detail1}} {{cite web|url=http://papermagic.co.kr/html/english/culture1_lee.htm|title=Admiral Yi Soon-shin and the Turtle Ship|accessdate=2006-01-11}}
 
== Notes ==
 
{{refs|2}}
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* {{cite web|url=http://yisunsin.prkorea.com/arsenal.htm |title=Yi Sun-sin |publisher=Yisunsin.prkorea.com |date= |accessdate=2010-02-09}}
{{refend}}
 
[[Category:Joseon Dynasty]]
[[Category:16th-century ships]]
[[Category:Ship types]]
[[Category:Naval ships of Korea]]
 
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