Teoryang makaagham: Pagkakaiba sa mga binago
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Linya 5:
Sa larangan ng mga [[araling pantao]] ([[humanidades]]), matatagpuan ang mga panukala o teoriya (mga hinuha) na ang paksa ay hindi lamang tumutuon sa datong empirikal, sa halip ay tumutuon din sa mga [[ideya]]. Ang ganyang mga teoriya ay nasa nasasakupan ng mga ''teoriyang pilosopikal'' na inihahambing ang pagkakaiba mula sa mga ''teoriyang siyentipiko''. Hindi naman talaga kailangang masusubok na makaagham ang teoriyang makapilosopiya sa pamamagitan ng [[eksperimento]].
==Paliwanag==
Sa pang-araw-araw na pananalita, ang salitang "teoriya" ay ginagamit bilang "pinakamahusay na hula". Sa makabagong agham, ang teoriyang siyentipiko ay isang subok na at napalawig na [[hipotesis]] na nagpapaliwanag ng maraming mga eksperimento at pinag-uugma-ugma upang magkasama-sama ang mga ideya sa loob ng isang balangkas. Kung may isang taong makatagpo ng isang kaso kung saan ang lahat o bahagi ng isang teoriyang pang-agham bilang mali, ang teoriyang iyon ay babaguhin o kaya ibabasura na.
Ang isang halimbawa ng teoriyang siyentipiko na nagkaroon ng maraming mga pagbabago ay ang [[teoriya ng mikrobyo]] o ''[[germ theory]]'' kaugnay ng karamdaman. Noong sinaunang mga kapanahunan, naniniwala ang mga tao na ang mga sakit ay sanhi ng mga diyus-diyosan, o ng mga sumpa, o ng hindi angkop na ugali. Hindi nalalaman noon ang mga mikrobyo, dahil napakaliit ng mga ito upang makita. Nang maimbento ang [[mikroskopyo]], natuklasan ang mga mikrobyo, at ipinanukala ang teoriya ng mikrobyo. Salamat na lamang sa teoriya ng mikrobyo ng karamdaman, maraming mga sakit ang napapagaling na ngayon. Subalit kailangang baguhin ang teoriya ng mikrobyo, dahil may ilang mga sakit na hindi sanhi ng mga mikrobyo.
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The [[flu]] and [[scurvy]] are examples of diseases that are not caused by germs, but [[viruses]]. Scientists modified the germ theory of disease, so that today we would state that theory as "Some diseases are caused by germs."
To be a scientific theory, a [[theory]] must be tested a large number of times, by many different scientists in many different places, and must pass the test every time. It must be stated exactly, often using [[mathematics]]. And it must fit in with all of the other scientific theories. Science has many branches. [[Physics]], [[chemistry]], [[biology]], [[geology]], and [[astronomy]] are some of the major branches of science. A scientific theory in one branch of science must hold true in all of the other branches of science. For example, the atomic theory of matter, that all matter is made up of atoms, was discovered using physics, but the chemicals used in chemistry, the living tissue used in biology, the rocks studied in geology, and the planets studied in astronomy are all made up of atoms. The atomic theory of matter holds in every area of science.
Sometimes scientists come up with a theory that is wrong. The discovery of an exception to a scientific theory is a major event, and a scientist can become famous by discovering an exception to a rule. Einstein became famous for his theory of relativity, which found an exception to Isaac Newton's laws of motion. Newton's theory, which had been accepted for hundreds of years, had to be changed, and has been changed.
Here is a list of some of the major theories of modern science. These theories have been tested thousands of times, and no exception has been found.
* The atomic theory of matter: all matter is made up of atoms.
* The law of conservation of mass and energy: in chemical and physical reactions, mass and energy stay the same, in atomic reactions, mass is changed to energy or energy to mass according to the formula E = mc<sup>2</sup>.
* The cell theory of living things: all living things are made up of cells.
* The theory of evolution: all life on earth evolved from simple forms.
* The tectonic theory of geology: the surface of the earth is composed of tectonic plates, which move slowly.
* The galactic theory of astronomy: planets orbit stars, stars cluster in galaxies.
* The periodic table of elements: atoms are distinguished by their atomic number and atomic weight, and can be arranged in a table which illustrates their properties.
* The theory of relativity: scientific laws hold in different frames of reference.
* Quantum theory: the smallest amount of energy is a "quantum unit", and all energy comes in multiples of this amount.
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==Mga sanggunian==
{{Reflist}}
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