Digmaang Tsino-Pranses
Ang Digmaang Tsino-Pranses (Tsinong pinapayak: 中法战争; Tsinong tradisyonal: 中法戰争; pinyin: Zhōngfǎ Zhànzhēng, Pranses: Guerre franco-chinoise, Biyetnames: Chiến tranh Pháp-Thanh), kilala rin bilang Digmaang Tonkin o Digmaang Tonquin[2] ay isang alitang nagpasiya kung papalitan ba ng Pransiya ang Tsina bilang kapangyarihang mananaig sa Tonkin (hilagang Vietnam). Bagaman higit na naging mahusay ang hukbong Tsino sa naturang digmaan kaysa sa mga digmaang kinasangkutan nito noong ika-19 na siglo,[3] nakamit naman ng mga Pranses ang karamihan sa kanilang layunin.[4]
| Digmaang Tsino-Pranses 中法战争/中法戰争 Guerre franco-chinoise Chiến tranh Pháp-Thanh | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bahagi ng the Kampanya sa Tonkin | |||||||||
 Mga operasyong naganap noong digmaang Tsino–Pranses (1884–85) | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Mga nakipagdigma | |||||||||
 Pransiya |
 Tsina  Vietnam  Black Flag Army | ||||||||
| Mga kumander at pinuno | |||||||||
|
Amédée Courbet Sébastien Lespès Louis Brière de l'Isle François de Négrier Laurent Giovanninelli Jacques Duchesne |
Prince GongZuo Zongtang Zhang Peilun Pan Dingxin Wang Debang Feng Zicai Tang Ching-sung Liu Mingchuan Sun Kaihua  Liu Yongfu Hoàng Kế Viêm | ||||||||
| Lakas | |||||||||
| 15,000 – 20,000 kawal | 25,000 – 35,000 kawal (mula sa Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang at Yunnan) | ||||||||
| Mga nasawi at pinsala | |||||||||
| 2,100 napatay o nasugatan | 10,000 napatay o nasugatan | ||||||||
Mga sanggunian
baguhin- ↑ Bruce A. Elleman (2001). Modern Chinese warfare, 1795-1989 (illustrated ed.). Psychology Press. p. 90. ISBN 0-415-21474-2. Retrieved 2012-01-18. "who had been in Tonkin for only three months, took command. He immediately ordered the evacuation of Lang Són. Although Herbinger may have been retiring to the more strongly fortified positions further south, the retreat seemed to many to be the result of panic. Widely interpreted as a Chinese victory, the Qing forces were able to capture the strategic northern city of Lang Són and the surrounding territory by early April 1885. China's forces now dominated the battefield, but fighting ended on 4 April 1885 as a result of peace negotiations. China sued for peace because Britain and Germany had not offered assistance as Beijing had hoped, and Russia and Japan threatened china's northern borders. Meanwhile, China's economy was injured by the French "naval interdiction of the seaborne rich trade."197 Negotiations between Li Hongzhang and the French minister in China were concluded in June 1885. Although Li did not have to admit fault for starting the war, Beijing did recognize all of the French treaties with Annam that turned it into a French protectorate."
- ↑ See, for example, Anonymous, "Named To Be Rear Admiral: Eventful and Varied Career of 'Sailor Joe' Skerrett," The New York Times, April 19, 1894.
- ↑ Bruce A. Elleman (2001). Modern Chinese warfare, 1795-1989 (illustrated ed.). Psychology Press. p. 90. ISBN 0-415-21474-2. Retrieved 2012-01-18. "who had been in Tonkin for only three months, took command. He immediately ordered the evacuation of Lang Són. Although Herbinger may have been retiring to the more strongly fortified positions further south, the retreat seemed to many to be the result of panic. Widely interpreted as a Chinese victory, the Qing forces were able to capture the strategic northern city of Lang Són and the surrounding territory by early April 1885. China's forces now dominated the battefield, but fighting ended on 4 April 1885 as a result of peace negotiations. China sued for peace because Britain and Germany had not offered assistance as Beijing had hoped, and Russia and Japan threatened china's northern borders. Meanwhile, China's economy was injured by the French "naval interdiction of the seaborne rich trade."197 Negotiations between Li Hongzhang and the French minister in China were concluded in June 1885. Although Li did not have to admit fault for starting the war, Beijing did recognize all of the French treaties with Annam that turned it into a French protectorate."
- ↑ Twitchett, Cambridge History of China, xi. 251; Chere, 188–90; Eastman, 200–205