Wikipedia

Katedral ng Etchmiadzin

Ang Katedral ng Etchmiadzin[C] (Armenyo: Էջմիածնի մայր տաճար, Ēǰmiatsni mayr tačar) ay ang inang simbahan ng Simbahang Apostolikong Armeniyo, na matatagpuan sa lungsod ng Vagharshapat (Etchmiadzin), Armenia.[D] Ayon sa karamihan sa mga iskolar, ito ang unang katedral na itinayo sa sinaunang Armenia. Ito rin alas na itinuturing na pinakamatandang katedral sa buong mundo.[E]

Katedral ng Etchmiadzin
Tanaw ng katedral mula sa timog-silangan, 2010
Relihiyon
PagkakaugnaySimbahang Apostolikong Armeniyo
RiteArmenio
PamumunoCatholicos ng Lahat ng Armenio
KatayuanActive
Lokasyon
LokasyonVagharshapat, Lalawigan ng Armavir, Armenia
Mga koordinadong heograpikal40°09′42″N 44°17′28″E / 40.161769°N 44.291164°E / 40.161769; 44.291164
Arkitektura
UriKatedral
IstiloArmenio
TagapagtatagGregory the Illuminator (orihinal)
Groundbreaking301 (orihinal na gusali; tradisyonal na panahon)[1]
Nakumpleto303 (orihinal na gusali; tradisyonal na petsa)[1]
Mga detalye
Haba33 metro (108 tal)[2]
Lapad30 metro (98 tal)[2]
Taas (max)not available; over 27 metro (89 tal)[B]
Official name: Cathedral and Churches of Echmiatsin and the Archaeological Site of Zvartnots
TypeCultural
Criteriaii, iii
Designated2000 (24th session)
Reference no.1011
RegionWestern Asia


Ang orihinal na simbahan ay itinayo noong unang bahagi ng ikaapat na siglo[22]—sa pagitan ng 301 at 303 ayon sa tradisyon—ng santong patron ng Armenia na si Gregorio ang Nagpapaliwanag, kasunod ng pag-ampon ng Kristiyanismo bilang isang relihiyon ng estado ni Haring Tiridates III. Itinayo ito sa ibabaw ng isang templong pagano, na sumasagisag sa pagbabago mula sa paganismo patungong Kristiyanismo. Ang katawan ng kasalukuyang gusali ay itinayo noong 483/4 ni Vahan Mamikonian matapos na ang katedral ay malubhang napinsala sa isang pagsalakay mula sa Persia. Mula sa pundasyon nito hanggang sa ikalawang kalahati ng ikalimang siglo, ang Etchmiadzin ay ang puwesto ng mga Catholico, ang kataas-taasang pinuno ng Simbahang Armenio.

Bagaman hindi nawala ang kahalagahan nito, ang katedral ay kasunod na nagdusa buhat ng mga siglo ng halos buong kapabayaan. Noong 1441 ay naibalik ito bilang catholicosate at nananatili ito hanggang ngayon.[23] Mula noon ang Inang Luklukan ng Banal na Etchmiadzin ang naging administratibong punong tanggapan ng Simbahang Armenio. Ang Etchmiadzin ay dinambong ni Shah Abbas I ng Persia noong 1604, nang ang mga relikya at bato ay kinuha mula sa katedral patungo sa Bagong Julfa sa pagtatangkang mapahina ang pagkakaugnay ng mga Armenio sa kanilang lupain. Mula noon ang katedral ay sumailalim sa ilang pagsasaayos. Ang mga kampanilya ay idinagdag sa huling kalahati ng ikalabimpito siglo at noong 1868 isang sakristiya ang itinayo sa silangang dulo ng katedral. Ngayon, nagsasama ito ng mga estilo ng iba't ibang panahon ng Arkitekturang Armenio. Binawasan ang halaga noong maagang panahong Sobyet, muling nabuhay ang Etchmiadzin noong ikalawang kalahati ng ikadalawampu siglo, at sa ilalim ng malayang Armenia.

Bilang pangunahing dambana ng mga Kristiyanong Armenio sa buong mundo, ang Etchmiadzin ay naging isang mahalagang lokasyon sa Armenia hindi lamang sa relihiyon, kundi pati na rin sa politika at kultura.[24] Isang pangunahing lugar ng peregrinasyon, ito ay isa sa pinakapinapasyalang lugar sa bansa.[25] Kasama ang maraming mahalagang simbahang medyebal na matatagpuan malapit, ang katedral ay itinala bilang isang Pandaigdigang Pamanang Pook ng UNESCO noong 2000.

Talababa

baguhin
  1. ↑ "Այժմյան գմբեթը հետագա (հավանաբար XVII դար) վերակառուցման արգասիք է:"[5]
  2. ↑ Grigoryan wrote in 1986 that even the main dimensions of the cathedral are unknown.[6] The belfry, which is shorter than the dome, is reportedly 27 metro (89 tal) high.[7]
  3. ↑ Less commonly referred to as the Cathedral of Holy Etchmiadzin,[8][9] Holy Etchmiadzin (Սուրբ Էջմիածին, Surb Ejmiatsin) or simply Etchmiadzin. Alternatively spelled Echmiadzin, Ejmiatsin,[10] and Edjmiadsin.[11]
  4. ↑ The city has been called Vagharshapat for the most part of its history. It officially bore the name Etchmiadzin between 1945 and 1995. Nowadays, the terms Etchmiadzin and Vagharshapat are interchangeably used.[12]
  5. ↑ According to Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, it is "generally regarded" as the oldest cathedral in the world,[13] while historian of Christian-Muslim relations Steven Gertz wrote in Christianity Today that Etchmiadzin is regarded as such "according to some scholars."[14] Among those who support this view are French-Armenian architect Édouard Utudjian,[15] Armenologists Sarkis Papajian,[16] Elisabeth Bauer-Manndorff,[17] priest & professor of liturgical studies Michael Daniel Findikyan,[18] and others.[19][20][21]

Mga sanggunian

baguhin
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Sahinian, Zarian & Ghazarian 1978, p. 71.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Maling banggit (Hindi tamang <ref> tag; walang binigay na teksto para sa refs na may pangalang Hewsen); $2
  3. ↑ Hasratyan 2003, p. 271.
  4. ↑ Maling banggit (Hindi tamang <ref> tag; walang binigay na teksto para sa refs na may pangalang Melik-Bakhshyan); $2
  5. ↑ Arakelian et al. 1984, p. 572.
  6. ↑ Grigoryan 1986, p. 77: "...չկան նույնիսկ նրա հիմնական չափագրությունները...
  7. ↑ Maling banggit (Hindi tamang <ref> tag; walang binigay na teksto para sa refs na may pangalang armenianchurch.org); $2
  8. ↑ Azadian, Edmond Y. (1999). History on the Move: Views, Interviews and Essays on Armenian Issues. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-8143-2916-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  9. ↑ Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin, mga pat. (2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices (ika-2nd (na) edisyon). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  10. ↑ "Ejmiatsin". Encyclopædia Britannica. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong 4 Abril 2014.{{cite ensiklopedya}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  11. ↑ Adalian 2010, p. 297.
  12. ↑ "Պատմաաշխարհագրական ակնարկ [Historical-geographic overview]" (sa wikang Armenian). Armavir Province: Armenian Ministry of Territorial Administration. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong 28 Pebrero 2014. Nakuha noong 15 Abril 2014. ...Վաղարշապատ (1945–1995թթ. կոչվել է Էջմիածին) քաղաքը...{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  13. ↑ Stokes, Jamie, pat. (2008). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-4381-2676-0. Etchmiatzin is located in the west of modern Armenia, close to the border with Turkey, and its fourth-century cathedral is generally regarded as the oldest in the world.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  14. ↑ Gertz, Steven (1 January 2005). "How Armenia "Invented" Christendom". Christianity Today. Carol Stream, Illinois: Christianity Today International (85). ISSN 0009-5753. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong 5 Nobiyembre 2021. Nakuha noong 20 Nobiyembre 2020. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |access-date= at |archive-date= (tulong)
  15. ↑ Utudjian, Édouard (1968). Armenian Architecture: 4th to 17th Century. Paris: Editions A. Morancé. p. 7. OCLC 464421. ...the oldest cathedral in Christendom, that of Etchmiadzin, founded in the 4th century.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  16. ↑ Papajian, Sarkis (1974). A brief history of Armenia. Fresno, California: Armenian Evangelical Union of North America. ...he built the Cathedral of Etchmiadzin (The descent of the Only Begotten). It is the oldest Christian Cathedral in existence.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  17. ↑ Bauer-Manndorff, Elisabeth (1981). Armenia: Past and Present. Lucerne: Reich Verlag. OCLC 8063377. Etchmiadzin, with the world's oldest cathedral and the seat of the Catholicos, draws tourists from all over the world.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  18. ↑ Findikyan, Michael Daniel. "Eastern Liturgy in the West: The Case of Armenian Church" (PDF). Yale University. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal (PDF) noong 3 Marso 2016. Nakuha noong 4 Hulyo 2014. ...the spot on which the first cathedral of Christendom would be built.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  19. ↑ Woodsworth, Judith; Delisle, Jean, mga pat. (2012). "Mesrop Mashtots and the flowering of Armenian culture". Translators through History (ika-rev. (na) edisyon). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 6. ISBN 978-90-272-7381-9. ...Echmiadzin Cathedral, the first cathedral in Christendom.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  20. ↑ Benedict, C. T. (2007). One God in One Man. Milton Keynes: AuthorHouse. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-4343-0106-2. The Holy Etchmiadzin cathedral, dates back to the fourth century, and is thought to be the oldest Christian cathedral in the world.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  21. ↑ "Holy Etchmiadzin". New York: Diocese of the Armenian Church of America (Eastern). Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong 13 Hunyo 2014. The cathedral dates back to the 4th century, and is reckoned the oldest Christian cathedral in world.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  22. ↑ Arakelian et al. 1984.
  23. ↑ Adalian 2010.
  24. ↑ Jaloyan, Vardan. "Էջմիածնի կաթողիկոսության հիմնադրման քաղաքական և աստվածաբանական հանգամանքները [Theological and political circumstances of the foundation of the Etchmiadzin Catholicosate]" (sa wikang Armenian). Religions in Armenia. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong 2014-04-11. Nakuha noong 11 Abril 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  25. ↑ "The number of foreign tourists visiting Armenia expected to surge to one million". ARKA News Agency. 30 Hunyo 2014. Foreign tourists usually visit the pagan temple of Garni, Geghard Monastery, Holy Etchmiadzin and Lake Sevan.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
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