Gabi ng Pangangaluluwa: Pagkakaiba sa mga binago

|observances = [[Church service|Pagsamba sa simbahan]],<ref name=Service>{{cite book|chapter=Service for All Hallows' Eve |title=The Book of Occasional Services 2003 |page=108| publisher=Church Publishing, Inc.|quote=Magagamit ang sambang ito sa gabi ng Oktubre 31, kilala bilang All Hallows' Eve. Maaaring maganap ang mga angkop na kasiyahan at libangan bago o pagkatapos ng sambang ito, at maaaring bisitahin ang isang sementeryo o libingan. (Isinalin ang sipi mula sa Ingles)|year=2004|isbn=978-0-89869-409-3 }}</ref> [[Prayer in Christianity|pagdarasal]],<ref name=Prayer>{{cite book|title=The Anglican Family Prayer Book|author=Anne E. Kitch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idekF-9uIAIC&q=prayer+for+all+hallows+eve+Anglican&pg=PA148|publisher=Church Publishing, Inc.|quote=Ang All Hallow's Eve, na kalaunan ay nakilala bilang "Halloween", ay ipinagdiriwang sa gabi bago ang Undas, Nobyembre 1. Gamitin itong simpleng pagsamba kasabay ng kapistahan ng Halloween na markahan ang mga Kristiyanong ugat ng pagdiriwang na ito. (Isinalin ang sipi mula sa Ingles)|year=2004|access-date=31 Oktubre 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125175435/https://books.google.com/books?id=idekF-9uIAIC&pg=PA148&dq=prayer+for+all+hallows+eve+Anglican|archive-date=25 Enero 2017|isbn=978-0-8192-2565-8}}</ref> [[pag-aayuno]],<ref name=Fasting/> at [[vigil|bihilya]]<ref name=Vigil>{{cite book|title=The Paulist Liturgy Planning Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34_o1HJOrzoC&pg=PA251|publisher=[[Paulist Press]]|quote=Sa halip na makipagkumpetensya, makabubuting konsiderahin ng mga tagaplano ng liturhiya ang mga paraan ng pagsasama ng mga bata sa pagdiriwang ng mga Misa bihilya. Halimbawa, maaaring hikayatin ang mga bata na magsuot ng mga Halloween costume na kumakatawan sa kanilang pintakasi o paboritong santo, para makadagdag ng bagong kahulugan sa mga pagdiriwang ng Halloween at sa pagdiriwang ng Undas. (Isinalin ang sipi mula sa Ingles)|year=2006|access-date=31 Oktubre 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031175805/https://books.google.com/books?id=34_o1HJOrzoC&pg=PA251|archive-date=31 Oktubre 2017|isbn=978-0-8091-4414-3}}</ref>

Ayon sa isang teorya, naimpluwensiyahan ang mga kaugalian sa Halloween ng mga [[harvest festival|kapistahan sa pag-aani]] ng mga [[Mga Selta|Selta]], lalo na ang [[Samhain]], isang kapistahang [[Gaels|Gaeliko]], na pinaniniwalaang nag-uugat sa [[paganismo]].<ref name="Smith2004">{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Bonnie G.|title=Women's History in Global Perspective|access-date=14 December 2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q8Ix-M8LWcC|year=2004|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-02931-8|page=66|quote=Halata ang impluwensiya ng pre-Kristiyanong pamimitagan sa Kristiyanong pagdiriwang ng All Hallows' Eve kung paanong nakaapekto ang kapistahang Taoista sa kapistahang Ullambana ng mga Budista. Kahit binigay-diin ng Kristiyanong uri ng Undas at Araw ng Kaluluwa ang mga dasal para sa yumao, pagbibisita sa libingan, at papel ng mga nabubuhay sa pagtitiyak ng ligtas na daan patungo sa langit ng kanilang mga pumanaw na mga mahal sa buhay, hindi kailanman nawala ang mga lumang paniwala. (Isinalin ang sipi mula sa Ingles)|language=en|trans-title=Kasaysayan ng Kababaihan sa Pandaigdigang Pananaw}}</ref><ref name="Christianity1">{{cite book|author=Nicholas Rogers|title=Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stWZ_UDteMIC&pg=PA22|quote=Iisa ang pinanggalingan ng Halloween at Dia de Muertos sa paggunita ng mga Kristiyano sa mga pumanaw sa Undas at Araw ng Kaluluwa. Ngunit inaakala na ang dalawa ay nagtataglay ng matibay na paniniwalang pre-Kristiyano. Sa kaso ng Halloween, napakahalaga ang Seltang pagdiriwang ng Samhain sa pamanang pagano nito, isang pag-aangkin na nilagay sa harap sa mga nakaraang taon ng mga panatiko ng bagong edad at ng mga ebanghelista sa Kanan. (Isinalin ang sipi mula sa Ingles)|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|access-date=31 Oktubre 2011|isbn=978-0-19-516896-9|language=en|trans-title=Gabi ng Pangangaluwa: Mula Paganong Ritwal hanggang Parti sa Gabi}}</ref><ref name="Christianity2">{{cite book|title=Austrian information|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9FU7AQAAIAAJ&q=all+hallow's+eve+wear+masks+Christian+souls+vengeance|quote=Ang kapistahan ng Halloween o All Hallows Eve at mga debosyon sa mga patay sa Undas at Araw ng Kaluluwa ay parehong naghalo ng lumang gawain ng mga Selta, Druida, at pagano sa gawaing Kristiyano. (Isinalin ang sipi mula sa Ingles)|year=1965|access-date=31 Oktubre 2011|language=en|trans-title=Impormasyong Austriano}}</ref><ref name="Christianity3">{{cite book|title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopædia of World Religions|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/408 408]|publisher=Merriam-Webster|quote=Ang Halloween, na "tinatawag" ding All Hallows' Eve, banal na gabi na idinaraos sa Oktubre 31, ang bisperas ng Undas. Naimpluwensiyahan ng mga gawain ng mga pre-Kristiyanong Irlandes ang Kristiyanong kapistahan ng All Hallows' Eve, na ipinagdiriwang sa parehong petsa.|year=1999|access-date=31 Oktubre 2011|isbn=978-0-87779-044-0|language=en|trans-title=Ensiklopedya ng Merriam-Webster ukol sa mga Relihiyon ng Mundo}}</ref> Humihigit pa ang ilan at nagmumungkahi na maaaring [[Kristiyanisasyon|naisakristiyano]] ang Samhain bilang Undas, pati na rin ang bisperas nito, ng [[early Church|sinaunang Simbahan]].<ref name="Roberts1987">{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Brian K.|title=The Making of the English Village: A Study in Historical Geography|access-date=14 Disyembre 2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjbYAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Longman Scientific & Technical|isbn=978-0-582-30143-6|quote=Oras sa walang oras, kung kailan nakababa ang hadlang sa pagitan nitong mundo at ng susunod, bumalik ang mga yumao mula sa libingan, at mga diyos at estranghero mula sa kailaliman ay naglakad sa saanmang dako. Dalawang beses ito nangyayari sa isang taon, sa mga petsang isinakristiyanong Bisperas ng Undas at Undas. (Isinalin ang sipi mula sa Ingles)|language=en|trans-title=Ang Pagbuo ng Nayon ng Ingles: Isang Pagsusuri sa Makasaysayang Heograpiya}}</ref> Pinaniniwalaan ng mga ibang akademiko na nagsimula ang Halloween bilang kapistahang [[Kristiyanismo|Kristiyano]] lamang, na siyang [[Vigil#Eves of religious celebrations|bihilya]] ng Undas.<ref name="FoleyO’Donnell2008">{{cite book|last1=O’Donnell|first1=Hugh|last2=Foley|first2=Malcolm|title=Treat or Trick? Halloween in a Globalising World|date=18 Disyembre 2008|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-0265-9|pages=91–92|language=en|quote=Hutton (1996, 363) identifies Rhys as a key figure who, along with another Oxbridge academic, James Frazer, romanticised the notion of Samhain and exaggerated its influence on Halloween. Hutton argues that Rhys had no substantiated documentary evidence for claiming that Halloween was the Celtic new year, but inferred it from contemporary folklore in Wales and Ireland. Moreover, he argues that Rhys: "thought that [he] was vindicated when he paid a subsequent visit to the Isle of Man and found its people sometimes called 31 October New Year's Night (''Hog-unnaa'') and practised customs which were usually associated with 31 December. In fact the flimsy nature of all this evidence ought to have been apparent from the start. The divinatory and purificatory rituals on 31 October could be explained by a connection to the most eerie of Christian feasts (All Saints) or by the fact that they ushered in the most dreaded of seasons. The many "Hog-unnaa" customs were also widely practised on the conventional New Year's Eve, and Rhys was uncomfortably aware that they might simply have been transferred, in recent years, from then Hallowe'en, to increase merriment and fundraising on the latter. He got round this problem by asserting that in his opinion (based upon no evidence at all) the transfer had been the other way round." ... Hutton points out that Rhy's unsubstantiated notions were further popularised by Frazer who used them to support an idea of his own, that Samhain, as well as being the origin of Halloween, had also been a pagan Celtic feast of the dead—a notion used to account for the element of ghosts, witches and other unworldly spirits commonly featured within Halloween. ... Halloween's preoccupation with the netherworld and with the supernatural owes more to the Christian festival of All Saints or All Souls, rather than vice versa.|trans-title=Kendi o Biro? Halloween sa Mundong Naggoglobalisa}}</ref><ref name="Barr2016">{{cite news |last1=Barr |first1=Beth Allison |date=28 Oktubre 2016 |title=Guess what? Halloween is more Christian than Pagan |language=en |trans-title=Hulaan mo? Mas Kristiyano kaysa Pagano ang Halloween |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2016/10/28/guess-what-halloween-is-more-christian-than-pagan/ |access-date=15 October 2020 |quote=It is the medieval Christian festivals of All Saints’ and All Souls’ that provide our firmest foundation for Halloween. From emphasizing dead souls (both good and evil), to decorating skeletons, lighting candles for processions, building [[bonfire]]s to ward off evil spirits, organizing community feasts, and even encouraging carnival practices like costumes, the medieval and early modern traditions of “Hallowtide” fit well with our modern holiday. So what does this all mean? It means that when we celebrate Halloween, we are definitely participating in a tradition with deep historical roots. But, while those roots are firmly situated in the medieval Christian past, their historical connection to “paganism” is rather more tenuous.}}</ref><ref>* {{cite web |urllast=http://search.salzburg.com/display/SNZ41-2922809130.10.Moser |first=Stefan |date=29 Oktubre 2010 |title=Kein 'Trick or Treat' bei Salzburgs Kelten|last=Moser|first=Stefan|date=29 October 2010|publisherurl=Salzburger Nachrichten|language=de|accesshttp://search.salzburg.com/display/SNZ41-date=112922809130.10.2010 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317122059/http://search.salzburg.com/display/SNZ41-2922809130.10.2010 |archive-date=17 MarchMarso 2014 |access-date=11 Agosto 2017 |publisher=Salzburger Nachrichten |language=de |quote=Die Kelten haben gar nichts mit Halloween zu tun", entkräftet Stefan Moser, Direktor des Keltenmuseums Hallein, einen weit verbreiteten Mythos. Moser sieht die Ursprünge von Halloween insgesamt in einem christlichen Brauch, nicht in einem keltischen.}}

* {{citation |last1=Döring |first1=Alois |title=Samhain – Halloween – Allerheiligen|last1=Döring|first1=Alois|last2=Bolinius|first2=Erich |date=31 OctoberOktubre 2006 |publisher=FDP Emden |language=de |quote=Die lückenhaften religionsgeschichtlichen Überlieferungen, die auf die Neuzeit begrenzte historische Dimension der Halloween-Kultausprägung, vor allem auch die Halloween-Metaphorik legen nahe, daß wir umdenken müssen: Halloween geht nicht auf das heidnische Samhain zurück, sondern steht in Bezug zum christlichen Totengedenkfest Allerheiligen/ Allerseelen. |last2=Bolinius |first2=Erich}}

* {{cite book|last=Hörandner|first=Editha|title=Halloween in der Steiermark und anderswo|year=2005|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|language=de|isbn=978-3-8258-8889-3|pages=8, 12, 30|quote= Der Wunsch nach einer Tradition, deren Anfänge sich in grauer Vorzeit verlieren, ist bei Dachleuten wie laien gleichmäßig verbreitet. ... Abgesehen von Irrtümern wie die Herleitung des Fests in ungebrochener Tradition ("seit 2000 Jahren") ist eine mangelnde vertrautheit mit der heimischen Folklore festzustellen. Allerheiligen war lange vor der Halloween invasion ein wichtiger Brauchtermin und ist das ncoh heute. ... So wie viele heimische Bräuche generell als fruchtbarkeitsbringend und dämonenaustreibend interpretiert werden, was trottz aller Aufklärungsarbeit nicht auszurotten ist, begegnet uns Halloween als ...heidnisches Fest. Aber es wird nicht als solches inszeniert.}}

* {{cite web |urllast=http://wwwDöring |first=Dr.wdr.de/themen/freizeit/brauchtum/halloween_10/interview_doering.jhtml?rubrikenstyle Volkskundler Alois |year=freizeit2011 |title=Süßes, Saures – olle Kamellen? Ist Halloween schon wieder out?|last=Döring|first=Dr. Volkskundler Alois|year=2011|publisher=[[Westdeutscher Rundfunk]]|languageurl=http://www.wdr.de|access-date/themen/freizeit/brauchtum/halloween_10/interview_doering.jhtml?rubrikenstyle=12 November 2015 |archive-date=14 June 2011freizeit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614110611/http://www.wdr.de/themen/freizeit/brauchtum/halloween_10/interview_doering.jhtml?rubrikenstyle=freizeit |archive-date=14 Hunyo 2011 |access-date=12 Nobyembre 2015 |publisher=[[Westdeutscher Rundfunk]] |language=de |quote=Dr. Alois Döring ist wissenschaftlicher Referent für Volkskunde beim LVR-Institut für Landeskunde und Regionalgeschichte Bonn. Er schrieb zahlreiche Bücher über Bräuche im Rheinland, darunter das Nachschlagewerk "Rheinische Bräuche durch das Jahr". Darin widerspricht Döring der These, Halloween sei ursprünglich ein keltisch-heidnisches Totenfest. Vielmehr stamme Halloween von den britischen Inseln, der Begriff leite sich ab von "All Hallows eve", Abend vor Allerheiligen. Irische Einwanderer hätten das Fest nach Amerika gebracht, so Döring, von wo aus es als "amerikanischer" Brauch nach Europa zurückkehrte.}}

</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 Oktubre 2011 |title=All Hallows' Eve |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/holydays/halloween_1.shtml |access-date=29 Oktubre 2020 |publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=29 October 2020 |language=en |date=20 October 2011|quote=However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe'en, as the eve of All Saints' Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain and some question the existence of a specific pan-Celtic religious festival which took place on 31st October/1st November.}}</ref> Ipinagdiriwang sa Irlanda at Eskosya ng daan-daang taon, nagdala ang mga dayuhang [[Irish diaspora|Irlandes]] at [[Scottish diaspora|Eskoses]] ng maraming kaugalian ng Halloween sa Hilagang Amerika sa ika-19 na siglo,<ref name="rogers_nw">Rogers, Nicholas. ''Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night''. [[Oxford University Press]], 2002. pp. 49–50. {{ISBN|0-19-516896-8}}.</ref><ref name="Brunvand, Jan 2006. p.749">Brunvand, Jan (editor). ''American Folklore: An Encyclopedia''. Routledge, 2006. p.749</ref> at sa pamamagitan ng impluwensiya ng Amerika, kumalat ang Halloween sa mga ibang bansa sa dulong bahagi ng ika-20 at unang bahagi ng ika-21 siglo.<ref name="Colavito, Jason 2007. pp.151">Colavito, Jason. ''Knowing Fear: Science, Knowledge and the Development of the Horror Genre''. McFarland, 2007. pp.151–152</ref><ref name="rogers_m">Rogers, Nicholas (2002). ''Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night'', p. 164. New York: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-19-516896-8}}</ref>