Genome
Sa modernong biolohiyang molekular at henetika, ang genome ang kabuuan ng impormasyong pagmamana ng isang organismo. Ito ay kinokodigo sa DNA o para sa maraming mga uri ng virus, sa RNA. Ang genome ay kinabibilangan ng mga gene at hindi nagkokodigong DNA ng DNA/RNA.[1]
Sukat ng genome
baguhinAng sukat ng genome ang kabuuang bilang ng baseng pares na DNA sa isang kopya ng genome na haploid. Ang sukat ng genome ay positibong korelado sa morpolohikong pagiging komplikado sa mga prokaryote at mas mababang mga eukaryote. Gayunpaman, pagkatapos ng mga molluska at lahat ng iba pang mas mataas na mga eukaryote sa itaas, ang korelasyong ito ay hindi na epektibo.[2][3] [4][5]
Uri ng organismo | Organismo | Sukat ng genome (base pairs) |
Komento | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Virus | Bacteriophage MS2 | 3,569 | 3.5kb | Unang nasekwensiyang RNA-genome[6] |
Virus | SV40 | 5,224 | 5.2kb | [7] |
Virus | Phage Φ-X174 | 5,386 | 5.4kb | Unang nasekwensiyang DNA-genome[8] |
Virus | HIV | 9,749 | 9.7kb | [9] |
Virus | Phage λ | 48,502 | 48kb | |
Virus | Megavirus | 1,259,197 | 1.3Mb | Ang pinakamalaking alam na genome na pang-virus a |
Bacterium | Haemophilus influenzae | 1,830,000 | 1.8Mb | Unang genome ng isang nabubuhay na organismong nasekwensiya, Hulyo 1995[10] |
Bacterium | Carsonella ruddii | 159,662 | 160kb | Ang pinaka-malaiit na hindi-virus na genome.[11] |
Bacterium | Buchnera aphidicola | 600,000 | 600kb | |
Bacterium | Wigglesworthia glossinidia | 700,000 | 700Kb | |
Bacterium | Escherichia coli | 4,600,000 | 4.6Mb | [12] |
Bacterium | Solibacter usitatus (strain Ellin 6076) | 9,970,000 | 10Mb | Ang pinakamalaking alam na genome ng bakterya |
Amoeboid | Polychaos dubium ("Amoeba" dubia) | 670,000,000,000 | 670Gb | Ang pinakamalaking alam na genome.[13] (Disputed [14]) |
Halaman | Arabidopsis thaliana | 157,000,000 | 157Mb | Unang genome ng halamang nasekwensiya, 2000[15] |
Halaman | Genlisea margaretae | 63,400,000 | 63Mb | Ang pinakamaliit na itinalang genome ng namumulaklak na halaman, 2006.[15] |
Halaman | Fritillaria assyrica | 130,000,000,000 | 130Gb | |
Halaman | Populus trichocarpa | 480,000,000 | 480Mb | Unang genome ng puno na nasekwensiya, Setyembre 2006 |
Halaman | Paris japonica (Japanese-native, pale-petal) | 150,000,000,000 | 150Gb | Largest plant genome known |
Moss | Physcomitrella patens | 480,000,000 | 480Mb | Unang genome ng isang bryophyte na nasekwensiyang, Enero 2008.[16] |
Lebadura | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 12,100,000 | 12.1Mb | Unang genome ng eukaryoteng nasekwensiyang,[17] |
Fungus | Aspergillus nidulans | 30,000,000 | 30Mb | |
Nematode | Caenorhabditis elegans | 100,300,000 | 100Mb | Unang hayop na multiselular na nasekwensiya, Disyembre 1998 [18] |
Nematoda | Pratylenchus coffeae | 20,000,000 | 20Mb | Pinakamaliit na genome ng hayop na alam[19] |
Insekto | Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) | 130,000,000 | 130Mb | [20] |
Insekto | Bombyx mori (silk moth) | 530,000,000 | 530Mb | |
Insekto | Apis mellifera (honey bee) | 236,000,000 | 236Mb | |
Insekto | Solenopsis invicta (fire ant) | 480,000,000 | 480Mb | [21] |
Isda | Tetraodon nigroviridis (type of puffer fish) | 385,000,000 | 390Mb | Pinakamaliit na alam na genome ng bertebrata |
Mamalya | Mus musculus | 2,700,000,000 | 2.7Gb | |
Mamalya | Homo sapiens | 3,200,000,000 | 3.2Gb | |
Isda | Protopterus aethiopicus (marbled lungfish) | 130,000,000,000 | 130Gb | Ang pinakamalaking alam na genome ng bertebrata |
Tignan din
baguhinMga sanggunian
baguhin- ↑ Ridley, M. (2006). Genome. New York, NY: Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-06-019497-9
- ↑ Lewin, Benjamin (2004). Genes VIII (ika-8th (na) edisyon). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-143981-2.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Gregory TR, Nicol JA, Tamm H, Kullman B, Kullman K, Leitch IJ, Murray BG, Kapraun DF, Greilhuber J, Bennett MD (3 Enero 2007). "Eukaryotic genome size databases". Nucleic Acids Research. 35 (Database): D332–D338. doi:10.1093/nar/gkl828.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link) - ↑ Glass JI, Assad-Garcia N, Alperovich N, Yooseph S, Lewis MR, Maruf M, Hutchison CA 3rd, Smith HO, Venter JC (2006). "Essential genes of a minimal bacterium". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 103 (2): 425–30. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..425G. doi:10.1073/pnas.0510013103. PMC 1324956. PMID 16407165.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link) - ↑ Forster AC, Church GM (2006). "Towards synthesis of a minimal cell". Mol Syst Biol. 2 (1): 45. doi:10.1038/msb4100090. PMC 1681520. PMID 16924266.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Fiers W; atbp. (1976). "Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene". Nature. 260 (5551): 500–507. Bibcode:1976Natur.260..500F. doi:10.1038/260500a0. PMID 1264203.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Fiers W, Contreras R, Haegemann G, Rogiers R, Van de Voorde A, Van Heuverswyn H, Van Herreweghe J, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (1978). "Complete nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA". Nature. 273 (5658): 113–120. Bibcode:1978Natur.273..113F. doi:10.1038/273113a0. PMID 205802.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link) - ↑ Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (1977). "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature. 265 (5596): 687–695. Bibcode:1977Natur.265..687S. doi:10.1038/265687a0. PMID 870828.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link) - ↑ "Virology - Human Immunodeficiency Virus And Aids, Structure: The Genome And Proteins Of HIV". Pathmicro.med.sc.edu. 2010-07-01. Nakuha noong 2011-01-27.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Fleischmann R, Adams M, White O, Clayton R, Kirkness E, Kerlavage A, Bult C, Tomb J, Dougherty B, Merrick J (1995). "Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd". Science. 269 (5223): 496–512. Bibcode:1995Sci...269..496F. doi:10.1126/science.7542800. PMID 7542800.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link) - ↑ Nakabachi A, Yamashita A, Toh H; atbp. (2006). "The 160-kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont Carsonella". Science. 314 (5797): 267. doi:10.1126/science.1134196. PMID 17038615.
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ignored (tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link) - ↑ Frederick R. Blattner, Guy Plunkett III; atbp. (1997). "The Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli K-12". Science. 277 (5331): 1453–1462. doi:10.1126/science.277.5331.1453. PMID 9278503.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Parfrey LW, Lahr DJG, Katz LA (2008). "The Dynamic Nature of Eukaryotic Genomes". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 25 (4): 787–94. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn032. PMC 2933061. PMID 18258610.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link) - ↑ ScienceShot: Biggest Genome Ever Naka-arkibo 2010-10-11 sa Wayback Machine., comments: "The measurement for Amoeba dubia and other protozoa which have been reported to have very large genomes were made in the 1960s using a rough biochemical approach which is now considered to be an unreliable method for accurate genome size determinations."
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Greilhuber J, Borsch T, Müller K, Worberg A, Porembski S, and Barthlott W (2006). "Smallest angiosperm genomes found in Lentibulariaceae, with chromosomes of bacterial size". Plant Biology. 8 (6): 770–777. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924101. PMID 17203433.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link) - ↑ Lang D, Zimmer AD, Rensing SA, Reski R (2008). "Exploring plant biodiversity: the Physcomitrella genome and beyond". Trends Plant Sci. 13 (10): 542–549. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2008.07.002. PMID 18762443.
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: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link) - ↑ "Saccharomyces Genome Database". Yeastgenome.org. Nakuha noong 2011-01-27.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ The C. elegans Sequencing Consortium (1998). "Genome sequence of the nematode C. elegans: a platform for investigating biology". Science. 282 (5396): 2012–2018. doi:10.1126/science.282.5396.2012. PMID 9851916.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Gregory TR (2005). "Animal Genome Size Database". http://www.genomesize.com.
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: External link in
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- ↑ Adams MD, Celniker SE, Holt RA; atbp. (2000). "The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster". Science. 287 (5461): 2185–95. Bibcode:2000Sci...287.2185.. doi:10.1126/science.287.5461.2185. PMID 10731132. Nakuha noong 2007-05-25.
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: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link) - ↑ Wurm Y; atbp. (2011). "The genome of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta". PNAS. 108 (14): 5679–5684. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.5679W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1009690108. PMC 3078418. PMID 21282665. Nakuha noong 2011-02-01.
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: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)