Tagagamit:AnakngAraw/Gawaan

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AnakngAraw

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Kasalukuyang Gawain:

Pansamantalang nakabinbin:

Mga pangalang pangkalahatan

Pangunahing artikulo: Pangalang pangkalahatan

(generic name) is a part of the Latinized name for an organism. It is a name which reflects the classification of the organism by grouping it with other closely similar organisms.

A generic name is a category name that is given to every species in a group of species which are closely related to one another. Ideally the same generic name is given to species which are all descended from a common ancestor.

The generic name is the first part of the two-part Latin name of an organism. To take one example, for our human species, the Latin name is Homo sapiens, (Homo means man, and sapiens means rational.) In this name, the generic name is Homo. There are no longer any other non-extinct species in the genus Homo (although it seems that several Homo species existed in the geologically recent past).

Tipo at sari

Because of the rules of scientific naming, or "nomenclature", each genus must have a designated tipong sari (see Type (zoology)) which defines the genus; the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should this specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the genus name linked to it becomes a junior synonym, and the remaining taxa in the now-invalid genus need to be reassessed. See scientific classification and Nomenclature Codes for more details of this system. Also see type genus.

Kahalagan ng sari

Mula pa noong pamumulaklak ng teorya ng ebolusyon sa pamamagitan ng mga sulatin ni Charles Darwin, hinangad nang gamitin ang sari bilang isang pangalan para sa isang lipon ng mga uri na may lubhang pagkakalapit ang kanilang pagiging magkakamag-anak, sa pagiging mga apo ng isang pangkaraniwang ninuno. Bago dumating ang panahon ang pagsusuri ng DNA analysis, ang pagpapalagay ng malip na kaugnayan sa loob ng isang grupo ng mga uri ay tila isang malawakang may-kaalamang panghuhula, na pangunahing ibinatay sa pagsusuring panlabas, at mga pag-aaral ng anatomiya ng isang nilalang.

Paggamit ng makabagong klasipikasyong pilohenetiko

Historically-speaking, the boundaries between genera have been rather subjective (may kinikilingan), but with the advent/pagdating of phylogenetics (pagmamanahang pangkatangian ng mga sari), and because of much subsequent research, it is now increasingly common for taxonomic ranks below the class level to be restricted to confirmed monophyletic (isahang sari) groupings. Indeed, in the better-researched groups like birds and mammals, most genera represent clades already.

Neither the ICZN nor the ICBN require such criteria for establishment of a genus, and this is because they are concerned with the rules of nomenclature rather than the rules of taxonomy. The ICZN and ICBN rule books cover the formalities of what makes a description valid.

Because there is no equivalent rule book for taxonomy (classification), there is an on-going vigorous debate about what criteria to consider relevant for generic distinctness. At present, most of the classifications based on the old-fashioned idea of phenetics - overall similarity - are being gradually replaced by new ones based on cladistics. For example, the use of Reptilia and Amphibia in taxonomy is now discouraged. The formal attempt to use overall similarity or phenetics was only of major relevance for a comparatively short time around the 1960s before it turned out to be unworkable.

The three criteria given above are almost always fulfillable for a given clade. However, an example of a situation where at least one criterion is crassly violated no matter what the generic arrangement is the case of the dabbling ducks in the genus Anas. This group is is paraphyletic in regard to the extremely distinct fossil species, moa-nalo. Considering these to be distinct genera (as is usually done) violates criterion 1, including them all in the genus Anas violates criterion 2 and 3, and splitting up the genus Anas so that the mallard and the American black duck are in distinct genera violates criterion 3.

Suliranin sa pagkakatulad ng mga pangalan ng mga sari

A genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a name that is in use as a genus name or other taxon name in another kingdom. Although this is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature there are some five thousand such names that are in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, Anura is the name of the order of frogs but also is the name of a genus of plants (although not current: it is a synonym); and Aotus is the genus of golden peas and night monkeys; Oenanthe is the genus of wheatears and water dropworts, and Prunella is the genus of accentors and self-heal.

Obviously, within the same kingdom one generic name can apply to only one genus. This explains why the platypus genus is named Ornithorhynchus — George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799, but the name Platypus had already been given to the pinhole borer beetle by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called homonyms. Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia, the name Platypus could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800.

Susunod na takdang-gawain:

Talaan ng mga kalapian ng mga hayop

May magkakatulad na mga pangangatawan ang isang grupo ng mga organismo kung kaya't maiiugnay ito bilang isang pamilya.

Lapi	Kahulugan	Lipon	Mga katangian na mapagkakakilanlan	Paglalarawan ng sari
Acanthocephala	Matinik na ulo	Mga bulating may matinik na ulo	May nailalabas-masok, masungay at mahabang dila	mga 750
Acoelomorpha	Walang bituka	Acoels	Walang bibig o lagusan ng pagkain
Annelida	Maliit na singsing	Mga bulating hati-hati	May maramihang bilugang hati sa katawan	mga 15,300 na makabago
Arthropoda	Naguugpungang paa	Arthropods	Chitin panlabas na sangkabutuhan	1,134,000+
Brachiopoda	Brasong paa	Lamparang kabibe	Lophophore at pedicle	sa pagitan ng 300 at 500 nabubuhay
Bryozoa	Mga hayop-lumot	Mga hayop-lumot, banig-dagat	Lophophore, no pedicle, ciliated tentacles	mga 5,000 saring nabubuhay
Chaetognatha	Longhair jaw Pangang may mahabang buhok	Mga bulating-pana	Mga Chitinous na sungay sa anumang gilid ng ulo, mga palikpik	mga 100 makabagong sari
Chordata	Cord	Chordates	Hollow dorsal nervous chord	about 100,000+
Cnidaria	Stinging nettle	Coelenterates	Nematocysts (stinging cells)	about 11,000
Ctenophora	Comb bearer	Comb jellies	Eight "comb rows" of fused cilia	about 100 modern species
Cycliophora	Wheel carrying	Symbion	Circular mouth surrounded by small cilia	at least 3
Echinodermata	Spiny skin	Echinoderms	Five-fold radial symmetry, mesodermal calcified spines	about 7,000 living species and 13,000 extinct ones
Echiura	Spine tail	Spoon worms	Set of hooks at posterior end	about 140
Entoprocta	Inside anus	Goblet worm	Anus inside ring of cilia	about 150
Gastrotricha	Hair stomach	Meiofauna	Two terminal adhesive tubes	about 690
Gnathostomulida	Jaw orifice	Jaw worms		about 100
Hemichordata	Half cord	Acorn worms	Stomochord in collar	about 100 living species
Kinorhyncha	Motion snout	Mud dragons	Eleven segments, each with a dorsal plate	about 150
Loricifera	Corset bearer	Brush heads	Umbrella-like scales at each end	about 122
Mesozoa	Middle animals	Mesozoans	Somatoderm of ciliated cells surrounding reproductive cell(s)
Micrognathozoa	Tiny jaw animals	—	Accordion like extensible thorax	1
Mollusca	Thin shell	Mollusks / molluscs	Muscular foot and mantle round shell	112,000
Myxozoa	Slime animals		Polar capsules resembling nematocysts	13,000+
Nematoda	Thread like	Round worms	Round cross section, keratin cuticle	80 000 – 1 million
Nematomorpha	Thread form	Horsehair worms		about 320
Nemertea	A sea nymph	Ribbon worms		about 1200
Onychophora	Claw bearer	Velvet worms	Legs tipped by chitinous claws	about 200 modern
Orthonectida	Straight swim			about 20
Phoronida	Zeus' mistress	Horseshoe worms	U-shaped gut	20
Placozoa	Plate animals			1
Platyhelminthes	Flat worms	Flat worms		about 25,000
Porifera	Pore bearer	Sponges	Perforated interior wall	over 5,000 modern
Priapulida	Penis	Priapulid worms	Retractable proboscis surrounded by papillae	17
Rhombozoa	Lozenge animal	—	Single axial cell surrounded by ciliated cells	75
Rotifera	Wheel bearer	Rotifers	Anterior crown of cilia	about 2000
Sipuncula	Small tube	Peanut worms	Mouth surrounded by invertible tentacles	144–320
Tardigrada	Slow step	Water bears	Four segmented body and head	1,000+
Xenoturbellida	Strange flatworm	—	Ciliated deuterostome	2
KABUUAN				2,000,000-

Mga grupo na dating nakahanay sa mga lapi

Pangalan ng sari	Karaniwang pangalan	Mga pangkasalukuyang pananaw na napagkasunduan
Craniata	—	Subgroup of phylum Chordata; perhaps synonymous with Vertebrata.
Cephalochordata	Lancelets	Subphylum of phylum Chordata
Cephalorhyncha	—	Superphylum Scalidophora.
Enterepneusta	Acorn worms	Class of phylum Hemichordata.
Pentastomida	Tongue worms	Subclass of Maxillopoda of phylum Arthropoda.
Pogonophora	Beard worms	Part of family Siboglinidae of phylum Annelida.
Pterobranchia	—	Class of phylum Hemichordata.
Symplasma	Glass sponges	Class Hexactinellida of phylum Porifera.
Urochordata	Tunicates	Subphylum of phylum Chordata.
Vestimentifera	Vent worms	Part of family Siboglinidae of phylum Annelida.

Talaan ng mga kahatian ng mga halaman

Hati	Kahulugan	Karaniwang pangalan	Mga katangian na mapagkakakilanlan
Anthocerotophyta	Flower-horn plants	Hornworts	Horn-shaped sporophytes, no vascular system
Bryophyta	Moss plants	Mosses	Persistent unbranched sporophytes, no vascular system
Marchantiophyta	Marchantia plants	Liverworts	Ephemeral unbranched sporophytes, no vascular system
Lycopodiophyta	Wolf foot plants	Clubmosses & Spikemosses	Microphyll leaves, vascular system
Pteridophyta	Fern plants	Ferns & Horsetails	Prothallus gametophytes, vascular system
Pteridospermatophyta	Fern with seeds plant	Seed ferns	Only known from fossils, mostly Devonian, ranking in dispute
Pinophyta	Sap/pitch plants	Conifers	Cones containing seeds
Cycadophyta	Palm plants	Cycads	Seeds, crown of compound leaves
Ginkgophyta	Ginkgo plants	Ginkgo, Maidenhair	Seeds not protected by fruit (single species)
Gnetophyta		Gnetophytes	Seeds and woody vascular system
Anthophyta	Flower plant	Flowering plants	Producing flowers and fruit (or close relatives)

Talaan ng mga kahatian ng mga punggus

Sari	Kahulugan	Karaniwang pangalan	Mga katangian na mapagkakakilanlan
Chytridiomycota	Little pot mushroom	Chytrids	Cellulose in cell walls, flagellated gametes
Deuteromycota	Second mushroom	Imperfect fungi	Only reproduce asexually
Zygomycota	Yoke mushroom	Zygomycetes	Blend gametangia to form a zygosporangium
Glomeromycota	Ball mushroom	None	Form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plants
Ascomycota	Bag/Wineskin Mushroom	Sac fungi	Produce spores in an 'ascus'
Basidiomycota	Basidium Mushroom	None	Produce spores from a 'basidium'