Turkmenistan

Republika ng Turkmenistan

*Türkmenistan Respublikasy* (Turkmen)
Republika ng Turkmenistan; Türkmenistan Respublikasy (Turkmen)
	Watawat Emblem
	Salawikain: Türkmenistan Bitaraplygyň watanydyr; "Ang Turkmenistan ay Inang Bayan ng Neutralidad"
	Awitin: Garaşsyz Bitarap Türkmenistanyň Döwlet Gimni; Awiting Pambansa ng Turkemnistang Makasarinlan at Neutral"
	Kinaroroonan ng Turkmenistan (red)
Kabisera; at pinakamalaking lungsod	Ashgabat; 37°58′N 58°20′E / 37.967°N 58.333°E
Wikang opisyal	Turkmen
Pangkat-etniko (2012)	85.6% Turkmens; 5.8% Uzbeks; 5.1% Russians; 0.4% Kazakhs; 3.1% Others;
Relihiyon (2020 Padron:Estimate)	93% Islam; 6.4% Christianity; 0.6% Other;
Katawagan	Turkmenistani; Turkmen; Turkmenian
Pamahalaan	Unitary presidential republic under a totalitarian hereditary dictatorship
• President	Serdar Berdimuhamedow
• Vice President	Raşit Meredow
• Chairman of the People's Council	Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
• Chairperson of the Assembly	Dünýägözel Gulmanowa
Lehislatura	Assembly
Independence from the Soviet Union
• Conquest	1879
• Soviet rule	13 May 1925
• Declared state sovereignty	22 August 1990
• From the Soviet Union	27 October 1991
• Recognized	26 December 1991
• Current constitution	18 May 1992
Lawak
• Kabuuan	491,210 km2 (189,660 mi kuw) (52nd)
• Water	24,069 km2 (9,293 mi kuw)
• Katubigan (%)	4.9
Populasyon
• Pagtataya sa 2022	5,636,011 (115th)
• Kapal	10.5/km2 ([convert: di tugmang yunit]) (221st)
KDP (PLP)	Pagtataya sa 2022
• Kabuuan	$117.7 billion (93nd)
• Bawat kapita	$18,875 (80th)
KDP (nominal)	Pagtataya sa 2022
• Kabuuan	$74.4 billion (78th)
• Bawat kapita	$11,929 (68th)
Gini (1998)	40.8; katamtaman
TKP (2021)	0.745; mataas · 91st
Salapi	Manat (TMT)
Sona ng oras	UTC+05 (TMT)
Gilid ng pagmamaneho	right
Kodigong pantelepono	+993
Kodigo sa ISO 3166	TM
Internet TLD	.tm

Ang Turkmenistan (Turkomano: Türkmenistan), opisyal na Republika ng Turkmenistan, ay bansang matatagpuan sa Gitnang Asya. Ang mga katabing-bansa nito ay ang Afghanistan sa timog-silangan, Iran sa timog at timog-kanluran, Uzbekistan sa silangan at hilagang-silangan, Kazakhstan sa hilaga at hilagang-kanluran at ang Dagat ng Kaspiy sa kanluran.

Noong 2012, umabot ng 11% ang GDP growth rate ng Turkmenistan pagkatapos ng patuloy na paglago ng ekonomiya nito sa mga naunang taon, ngunit ito ay nakadepende lamang sa pagkalakal ng iisang produkto. Ang Turkmenistan ang may hawak sa ikaapat sa pinakamalalaking pagkukunan ng natural gas. Kahit na mayaman ito sa ilang likas na yaman, ang karamihan ng bansa ay bahagi ng tinatawag na Karakum Desert.

Ang lupain na sakop ng makabagong-panahong Turkmenistan ay naging bahagi ng Imperyo ng Rusya noong 1881. Naging sentro ito ng oposisyon sa Himagsikang Bolshevik sa Gitnang Asya. Naging bahagi ito ng Unyong Sovyet noong 1924, at naging isang malayang bansa noong bumagsak ang Unyong Sovyet noong 1991. Pinamunuan ni Saparmurat Niyazov (tinawag na "Türkmenbaşy", Pinuno ng mga Turkmen") ang Turkmenistan hangang sa kanyang biglaang kamatayan noong 21 Disyembre 2006. Pumalit sa kaniya si Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow noong 11 Pebrero 2007.

Mga teritoryong pampangasiwaan Baguhin

Ashgabat

Mga sanggunian Baguhin

↑ "Turkmenistan's Constitution of 2008" (PDF). Tinago (PDF) mula sa orihinal noong 15 May 2019. Nakuha noong 17 December 2020.
↑ "The results of census in Turkmenistan | Chronicles of Turkmenistan". Tinago mula sa orihinal noong 6 October 2016.
↑ "Turkmenistan". 3 August 2022. Tinago mula sa orihinal noong 10 January 2021. Nakuha noong 10 August 2022.
↑ Maling banggit (Hindi tamang <ref> tag; walang binigay na teksto para sa refs na may pangalang World Factbook); $2
↑ "Dual Citizenship". Ashgabat: U.S. Embassy in Turkmenistan. Tinago mula sa orihinal noong 23 May 2020. Nakuha noong 23 May 2020.
↑
*Gore, Hayden (2007). "Totalitarianism: The Case of Turkmenistan" (PDF). Human Rights & Human Welfare. Denver: Josef Korbel School of International Studies (Human Rights in Russia and the Former Soviet Republics): 107–116. Tinago mula sa orihinal (PDF) noong 29 February 2020. Nakuha noong 29 June 2021.
- Williamson, Hugh (24 March 2022). "The internet is crucial". Human Rights Watch. Tinago mula sa orihinal noong 4 May 2022. Nakuha noong 4 May 2022. Sipi: Turkmenistan stands out as a totalitarian state. It gives absolutely no scope to dissident opinions and independent media. The regime censors the internet heavily.
- Horák, Slavomír; Šír, Jan (March 2009). Dismantling totalitarianism?: Turkmenistan under Berdimuhamedow (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies. ISBN 9789185937172. Tinago (PDF) mula sa orihinal noong 16 August 2022. Nakuha noong 4 May 2022.
- "Turkmenistan: New president, old ideas". Eurasianet. 15 March 2022. Tinago mula sa orihinal noong 15 March 2022. Nakuha noong 4 May 2022.
- "Nations in Transit: Turkemistan". Freedom House. 2016. Tinago mula sa orihinal noong 23 May 2022. Nakuha noong 4 May 2022.
- Stronski, Paul (30 January 2017). "Turkmenistan at Twenty-Five: The High Price of Authoritarianism" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Tinago (PDF) mula sa orihinal noong 1 January 2022. Nakuha noong 4 May 2022.
↑ Maling banggit (Hindi tamang <ref> tag; walang binigay na teksto para sa refs na may pangalang AP People's Council); $2
↑ Государственный комитет Туркменистана по статистике : Информация о Туркменистане: О Туркменистане Naka-arkibo 7 January 2012 sa Wayback Machine. : Туркменистан — одна из пяти стран Центральной Азии, вторая среди них по площади (491,21 тысяч км2), расположен в юго-западной части региона в зоне пустынь, севернее хребта Копетдаг Туркмено-Хорасанской горной системы, между Каспийским морем на западе и рекой Амударья на востоке.
↑ Padron:Cite CIA World Factbook
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. October 2022. Nakuha noong October 11, 2022.
↑ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF) (sa wikang Ingles). United Nations Development Programme. 8 September 2022. Tinago (PDF) mula sa orihinal noong 8 September 2022. Nakuha noong 8 September 2022.

CIS

Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Turkmenistan ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.

[constitution-1] "Turkmenistan's Constitution of 2008" (PDF). Tinago (PDF) mula sa orihinal noong 15 May 2019. Nakuha noong 17 December 2020.

[2] "The results of census in Turkmenistan | Chronicles of Turkmenistan". Tinago mula sa orihinal noong 6 October 2016.

[3] "Turkmenistan". 3 August 2022. Tinago mula sa orihinal noong 10 January 2021. Nakuha noong 10 August 2022.

[World_Factbook-4] Maling banggit (Hindi tamang <ref> tag; walang binigay na teksto para sa refs na may pangalang World Factbook); $2

[usembassy-5] "Dual Citizenship". Ashgabat: U.S. Embassy in Turkmenistan. Tinago mula sa orihinal noong 23 May 2020. Nakuha noong 23 May 2020.

[6] *Gore, Hayden (2007). "Totalitarianism: The Case of Turkmenistan" (PDF). Human Rights & Human Welfare. Denver: Josef Korbel School of International Studies (Human Rights in Russia and the Former Soviet Republics): 107–116. Tinago mula sa orihinal (PDF) noong 29 February 2020. Nakuha noong 29 June 2021.
Williamson, Hugh (24 March 2022). "The internet is crucial". Human Rights Watch. Tinago mula sa orihinal noong 4 May 2022. Nakuha noong 4 May 2022. Sipi: Turkmenistan stands out as a totalitarian state. It gives absolutely no scope to dissident opinions and independent media. The regime censors the internet heavily.

Horák, Slavomír; Šír, Jan (March 2009). Dismantling totalitarianism?: Turkmenistan under Berdimuhamedow (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies. ISBN 9789185937172. Tinago (PDF) mula sa orihinal noong 16 August 2022. Nakuha noong 4 May 2022.

"Turkmenistan: New president, old ideas". Eurasianet. 15 March 2022. Tinago mula sa orihinal noong 15 March 2022. Nakuha noong 4 May 2022.

"Nations in Transit: Turkemistan". Freedom House. 2016. Tinago mula sa orihinal noong 23 May 2022. Nakuha noong 4 May 2022.

Stronski, Paul (30 January 2017). "Turkmenistan at Twenty-Five: The High Price of Authoritarianism" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Tinago (PDF) mula sa orihinal noong 1 January 2022. Nakuha noong 4 May 2022.

[7] Williamson, Hugh (24 March 2022). "The internet is crucial". Human Rights Watch. Tinago mula sa orihinal noong 4 May 2022. Nakuha noong 4 May 2022. Sipi: Turkmenistan stands out as a totalitarian state. It gives absolutely no scope to dissident opinions and independent media. The regime censors the internet heavily.

[8] Horák, Slavomír; Šír, Jan (March 2009). Dismantling totalitarianism?: Turkmenistan under Berdimuhamedow (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies. ISBN 9789185937172. Tinago (PDF) mula sa orihinal noong 16 August 2022. Nakuha noong 4 May 2022.

[9] "Turkmenistan: New president, old ideas". Eurasianet. 15 March 2022. Tinago mula sa orihinal noong 15 March 2022. Nakuha noong 4 May 2022.

[10] "Nations in Transit: Turkemistan". Freedom House. 2016. Tinago mula sa orihinal noong 23 May 2022. Nakuha noong 4 May 2022.

[11] Stronski, Paul (30 January 2017). "Turkmenistan at Twenty-Five: The High Price of Authoritarianism" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Tinago (PDF) mula sa orihinal noong 1 January 2022. Nakuha noong 4 May 2022.

[AP_People's_Council-7] Maling banggit (Hindi tamang <ref> tag; walang binigay na teksto para sa refs na may pangalang AP People's Council); $2

[8] Государственный комитет Туркменистана по статистике : Информация о Туркменистане: О Туркменистане Naka-arkibo 7 January 2012 sa Wayback Machine. : Туркменистан — одна из пяти стран Центральной Азии, вторая среди них по площади (491,21 тысяч км2), расположен в юго-западной части региона в зоне пустынь, севернее хребта Копетдаг Туркмено-Хорасанской горной системы, между Каспийским морем на западе и рекой Амударья на востоке.

[9] Padron:Cite CIA World Factbook

[imf2-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. October 2022. Nakuha noong October 11, 2022.

[HDI-11] "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF) (sa wikang Ingles). United Nations Development Programme. 8 September 2022. Tinago (PDF) mula sa orihinal noong 8 September 2022. Nakuha noong 8 September 2022.

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Republika ng Turkmenistan Türkmenistan Respublikasy (Turkmen)
Watawat Emblem
Salawikain: Türkmenistan Bitaraplygyň watanydyr "Ang Turkmenistan ay Inang Bayan ng Neutralidad"
Awitin: Garaşsyz Bitarap Türkmenistanyň Döwlet Gimni Awiting Pambansa ng Turkemnistang Makasarinlan at Neutral"
Kinaroroonan ng Turkmenistan (red)
Kabisera at pinakamalaking lungsod	Ashgabat 37°58′N 58°20′E / 37.967°N 58.333°E / 37.967; 58.333
Wikang opisyal	Turkmen^[1]
Pangkat-etniko (2012)^[2]	85.6% Turkmens 5.8% Uzbeks 5.1% Russians 0.4% Kazakhs 3.1% Others
Relihiyon (2020 Padron:Estimate)^[3]	93% Islam 6.4% Christianity 0.6% Other
Katawagan	Turkmenistani^[4] Turkmen^[5] Turkmenian
Pamahalaan	Unitary presidential republic under a totalitarian hereditary dictatorship^[6]^[7]

• President	Serdar Berdimuhamedow
• Vice President	Raşit Meredow
• Chairman of the People's Council	Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
• Chairperson of the Assembly	Dünýägözel Gulmanowa

Lehislatura	Assembly
Independence from the Soviet Union

• Conquest	1879
• Soviet rule	13 May 1925
• Declared state sovereignty	22 August 1990
• From the Soviet Union	27 October 1991
• Recognized	26 December 1991
• Current constitution	18 May 1992

Lawak
• Kabuuan	491,210 km² (189,660 mi kuw)^[8] (52nd)
• Water	24,069 km² (9,293 mi kuw)
• Katubigan (%)	4.9
Populasyon
• Pagtataya sa 2022	5,636,011^[9] (115th)
• Kapal	10.5/km² (^{[convert: di tugmang yunit]}) (221st)
KDP (PLP)	Pagtataya sa 2022
• Kabuuan	$117.7 billion ^[10] (93nd)
• Bawat kapita	$18,875^[10] (80th)
KDP (nominal)	Pagtataya sa 2022
• Kabuuan	$74.4 billion^[10] (78th)
• Bawat kapita	$11,929^[10] (68th)
Gini (1998)	40.8 katamtaman
TKP (2021)	0.745^[11] mataas · 91st
Salapi	Manat (TMT)
Sona ng oras	UTC+05 (TMT)
Gilid ng pagmamaneho	right
Kodigong pantelepono	+993
Kodigo sa ISO 3166	TM
Internet TLD	.tm