Pretender

Ang pretender (Ingles; pretendiyente kung hihiramin sa Kastila) ay isang mang-aangkin sa isang monarkiyang posisyon (trono) na pinawalang-bisa na o hawak na ng ibang tao. Ang termino ay nanggaling sa salitang "pretend"; na ang kahulugan ay magpakunwari (magpakunwaring monarko sa ganito). Sa Ingles, nanggaling ang "Pretender" sa salitang prétendre na Wikang Pranses , na ang kahulugan ay "to put forward, to profess or claim". Ngunit sa ganitong kahulugan, ang mga itinuturing Monarkong Pretender ay may legal na basehan (halimbawa: bilang kamag-anak ng monarko) para umangkin ng trono, habang ang taong Pretender ay umaangkin din sa trono ng walang basehan.

Mga Kasalukuyang Pretender

Europa

	Pretender	Ipinanganak	Pretender simula	Relasyon sa dating monarkiya	Sambahayan	Tagapag-mana	Ipinanganak
Albania	Crown Prince Leka	1939	1961	anak ni Zog I (pinoroklama ang sarili bilang hari 1928-1939, sariling ipinatapon mula 1961)	Zogu	Prince Leka	1982
Austria-Hungary	Crown Prince Otto^[1]	1912	1922	anak ni Charles I (Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary etc. from 1916 to 1918)	Habsburg-Lorraine	Arsoduke Karl	1961
Bulgaria	Simeon II^[2]	1937	1946	Tsar from 1943 to 1946	Wettin (Saxe-Coburg and Gotha line)	Kardam, Prince of Turnovo	1962
Courland	Prince Ernst-Johann Biron of Courland	1940	1982	descendant of Ernst Johann von Biron (Duke from 1737 to 1740 and 1763 to 1769)	Biron	Prince Michael	1944
Croatia (Habsburg)	Crown Prince Otto^[1]	1912	1922	anak ni Charles I (King from 1916 to 1918)	Habsburg-Lorraine	Archduke Karl	1961
Croatia (Savoy)	Crown Prince Amedeo, Duke of Savoy	1943	1948	anak ni Tomislav II (King from 1941 to 1943, formally renounced all rights in 1943)	Savoy	Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta	1967
England (Jacobite)	Franz, Duke of Bavaria	1933	1996	eleventh-generation descendant of Charles I (King from 1625 to 1649)	Wittelsbach	Max, Duke in Bavaria	1937
Finland	Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse	1926	1989	Apo ni Kaarle I, elected King from 1918 to 1918 (with an irredentistic claim to Estonia)	Hesse-Kassel	Donatus	1966
France (Jacobite)	Franz, Duke of Bavaria	1933	1996	eleventh-generation descendant of Charles I (King from 1625 to 1649)	Wittelsbach	Max, Duke in Bavaria	1937
France (Legitimist)	Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou	1974	1989	tenth-generation descendant of Louis XIV (King from 1643 to 1715)	Bourbon	Juan Carlos I of Spain	1938
France (Orléanist and Unionist)	Henri, Count of Paris, Duke of France	1933	1999	great-great-great-grandson of Louis-Philippe of France (King from 1830 to 1848)	Orléans (sub-line of the House of Bourbon)	François, Count of Clermont	1961
France (Bonapartist)	Charles Napoléon^[3]	1950	1997	great-great-grandnephew of Napoléon I (self-proclaimed Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1814 and in 1815)	Bonaparte	Jean-Christophe Napoléon	1986
Greece (Glücksburg)	Constantine II	1940	1973	Hari mula 1964 hanggang 1973	Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (sub-line of the House of Oldenburg)	Crown Prince Pavlos	1967
Greece (Wittelsbach)	Prince Leopold	1943	1999	Great-great-nephew of Othon I, King 1832-1862	Wittelsbach	Manuel	1972
Gwynedd	Ieuan ab Ieuan	1943	1968	patrilinear descendent of Owain Gwynedd (King from 1137-1170)	Aberffraw	Dafydd Ieuan ab Ieuan	1977
Ireland (Jacobite)	Franz, Duke of Bavaria	1933	1996	eleventh-generation descendant of Charles I (King from 1625 to 1649)	Wittelsbach	Max, Duke in Bavaria	1937
Ireland (Gaelic)	Deasmumhain Ó Conchubhair Donn, Prince of Connácht	1938	2000	patrilinear descendants of Ruaidrí mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair, last High King of Ireland, d.1198.	Ó Conchubhair	Pilip Aodh Ó Conchubhair (Philip Hugh)	1967
Lithuania	Wilhelm Albert, Duke of Urach	1957	1991	apo ni Mindaugas II, nominal and elected King from 1918 to 1918 (with an irredentistic claim to Latvia)	Urach (a morganatic subline of the House of Württemberg)	Prince Karl Philipp	1992
Mann	Simon Egerton Scrope	1934		descendant of William le Scrope (King from 1392 to 1399)	Scrope	Harry Scrope	1974
Montenegro	Crown Prince Nikola	1944	1986	great-grandson of Nikola I (King from 1910 to 1918)	Petrović-Njegoš	Hereditary Prince Boris	1980
Portugal	Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza	1945	1976	great-grandson of Miguel I (King from 1828 to 1834)	Braganza (male-line descent from the House of Capet)	Infante Afonso, Prince of Beira	1996
Romania	Michael I	1921	1947	King from 1927 to 1930 and from 1940 to 1947	Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen	Frederick William, Prince of Hohenzollern (via last royal constitution)	1924
	Michael I	1921	1947	King from 1927 to 1930 and from 1940 to 1947	Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen	Princess Margarita (via post-abolition family law)	1949
	Paul-Philippe Hohenzollern	1948	2006	grandson of Carol II (King from 1930 to 1940)	descended of an annulled Hohenzollern marriage	Carol Ferdinand	2010
Russia	Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna	1953	1992	descendant of Alexander II (Tsar from 1855 to 1881)	Romanov (a sub-line of the House of Holstein-Gottorp, a sub-line of the House of Oldenburg)	Grand Duke George Mikhailovich	1981
Russia	Nicholas Romanov, Prince of Russia	1922	1992	descendant of Nicholas I (Tsar from 1825 to 1855)		Prince Dmitri Romanovich	1926
Scotland (Jacobite)	Franz, Duke of Bavaria	1933	1996	eleventh-generation descendant of Charles I (King from 1625 to 1649)	Wittelsbach	Max, Duke in Bavaria	1937
Serbia (Obrenović)	Crown Prince Nikola	1944	1986	grandson of Prince Mirko of Montenegro, relative and designated heir of Alexander I of Serbia	Petrović-Njegoš	Hereditary Prince Boris	1980
Serbia (Karađorđević)	Crown Prince Alexander	1945	1970	anak ni King Peter II, King from 1934 to 1945.	Karađorđević	Hereditary Prince Peter	1980
Spain (Carlist)	Carlos Hugo, Count of Montemolin	1930	1977	sons of Xavier, Duke of Parma, declared regent by Alfonso Carlos of Bourbon, Duke of San Jaime	Bourbon	Carlos, Duke of Madrid	1970
Spain (Carlist)	Sixtus, Duke of Aranjuez	1940	1979		Bourbon
Yugoslavia^[4]	Crown Prince Alexander	1945	1970	anak ni Peter II (King from 1934 to 1945)	Karađorđević	Hereditary Prince Peter	1980

Mga Pretender na Supling ng mga Monarko

May mga indibidwal din na umaangkin na sila ay nagmula sa mga monarkong lahi.

Eugenio Lascorz, inangkin na mula raw siya sa Lascaris ng Constantinople
Alexis Brimeyer, inangkin na mula raw siya sa maraming royal house
Pierre Plantard, inangkin na mula raw siya sa Merovingian haring si Dagobert II
Michel Roger Lafosse, inangkin na mula raw siya kay Charles Edward Stuart
Hiromichi Kumazawa (tinaguriang "The Kumazawa Tenno"), inangkin na mula raw siya sa Tenno Nancho (the Southern Court) ng Hapon
Obren Christic, inangkin na anak siya ni Milan I of Serbia.
Maria Pia de Saxe-Coburgo-Bragança, claimed adulterine (illegitimate) anak na babae ni Charles I of Portugal.
Rosario Poidimani, itinalagang tagapagmana ni Maria Pia de Saxe-Coburgo-Bragança (above indicated).

Sanggunian

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Otto von Habsburg "renounced" his claim in order to pass freely into Austria. However, he continues to act (and is supported) as Pinuno ng Samabahayan ng Habsburg.
↑ Simeon was democratically elected as Prime Minister of Bulgaria in June 2001 under the name Simeon Sakskoburggotski, and served from July 2001 to August 2005.
↑ His son Prince Jean-Christophe was appointed heir in the will of his grandfather Prince Louis Napoléon
↑ After the breakup of Yugoslavia the present-day states are Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia.

[Otto-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Otto von Habsburg "renounced" his claim in order to pass freely into Austria. However, he continues to act (and is supported) as Pinuno ng Samabahayan ng Habsburg.

[2] Simeon was democratically elected as Prime Minister of Bulgaria in June 2001 under the name Simeon Sakskoburggotski, and served from July 2001 to August 2005.

[3] His son Prince Jean-Christophe was appointed heir in the will of his grandfather Prince Louis Napoléon

[4] After the breakup of Yugoslavia the present-day states are Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia.

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