Grace White Sherwood

Si Grace White Sherwood (1660–1740), na tinawag na Mangkukulam ng Pungo, ay ang huling taong kilala na nahatulan ng pangkukulam sa Virginia (isang babaeng nagngangalang Maria ay pinatunayang gumamit ng pangkukulam upang makahanap ng mga nawawalang mga item at kayamanan at hinagupit ng tatlumpu't siyam na beses noong 1730, na siyang aktwal na huling pagsubok sa pangkukulam sa record sa Virginia ).

Grace White Sherwood
Kapanganakan	1660 malamang sa Pungo, Princess Anne County, Kolonya kan Virginia
Kamatayan	1740 (edad 79–80) Pungo malamang
Monumento	Estatwa ni Grace Sherwood na makikita sa 36.866139°N 76.131811°W / 36.866139; -76.131811
Ibang pangalan	Ang mangkukulam ng Pungo
Trabaho	Magsasaka Manggagamot Komadrona
Kasong kriminal	Pangkukulam
Katayuang kriminal	Pansamantalang binigyan ng impormal na kapatawaran

Isang magsasaka, manggagamot, at komadrona, inakusahan siya ng kanyang mga kapitbahay na nagbago ang sarili sa isang pusa, nakakasira ng mga pananim, at naging sanhi ng pagkamatay ng mga hayop. Sinuhan siya ng pangkukulam nang maraming beses; sa kanyang paglilitis noong 1706, inakusahan si Sherwood na nakakahiya sa kanyang kapitbahay, si Elizabeth Hill, na nagdulot kay Hill sa miscarry. Ipinag-utos ng korte na ang pagkakasala o kawalang-sala ni Sherwood ay matukoy sa pamamagitan ng pagpapakagat sa kanya sa tubig. Kung siya ay nalubog, siya ay walang kasalanan; kung hindi, siya ay nagkasala. Lumulutang sa ibabaw si Sherwood at siya ay gumugol ng halos walong taon sa kulungan bago pinakawalan.

Si Sherwood ay nakatira sa Pungo, Princess Anne County (Lower Norfolk County bago ang 1691, ngayon bahagi ng Virginia Beach), at ikinasal kay James Sherwood, isang planter, noong 1680. Ang mag-asawa ay may tatlong anak na lalaki: sina John, James, at Richard. Ang kanyang unang kaso ay noong 1697; siya ay inakusahan ng paghahagis ng isang spell sa isang toro, na nagreresulta sa pagkamatay nito, ngunit ang bagay ay tinanggal sa pamamagitan ng kasunduan ng parehong partido. Nang sumunod na taon siya ay inakusahan ng pangkukulam ng dalawang kapitbahay; diumano’y pinapahiya niya ang mga hogs at cotton crop ng isa sa kanila. Naghain si Sherwood ng paninirang-puri pagkatapos ng bawat akusasyon, ngunit hindi naging matagumpay ang kanyang mga parusa at ang kanyang asawa ay kailangang magbayad ng mga gastos sa korte. Sa 1706 siya ay nahatulan ng pangkukulam at na-incarcerated. Napalaya mula sa bilangguan noong 1714, nakuha niya ang kanyang ari-arian mula sa Princess Anne County (namatay ang kanyang asawa noong 1701). Hindi siya nag-asawa muli, at nanirahan sa kanyang bukid hanggang sa kanyang pagkamatay noong 1740 sa edad na mga 80.

Noong Hulyo 10, 2006, ang ika-300 na anibersaryo ng paniniwala ni Sherwood, si Gobernador Tim Kaine ay nagbigay ng isang impormal na kapatawaran upang "opisyal na ibalik ang [kanyang] mabuting pangalan", kinikilala na siya ay mali na nahatulan. Isang estatwa na naglalarawan sa kanya ay itinayo malapit sa Kalayaan ng Sentara sa Independence Boulevard sa Virginia Beach, malapit sa site ng kolonyal na korte kung saan siya sinubukan. Siya ay kinulit sa tabi ng isang raccoon, na kumakatawan sa kanyang pag-ibig sa mga hayop, at nagdadala ng isang basket na naglalaman ng bawang at rosemary, bilang pagkilala sa kanyang kaalaman sa herbal na panggagamot.

Mga sanggunian

Bibliograpiya

• Adams, Kathy (Hunyo 1, 2009). "What's in a name? Virginia Beach's Witchduck Road". The Virginian-Pilot. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong Oktubre 28, 2014. Nakuha noong Agosto 5, 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Barisic, Sonja (Hulyo 10, 2006). "Va. Gov. Gives Informal Pardon to Witch". The Washington Post. Nakuha noong Agosto 5, 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Batts, Denise Watson (Marso 24, 2007). "Statue of exonerated 'Witch of Pungo' finds place to rest". The Virginian-Pilot. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong Agosto 11, 2007. Nakuha noong Agosto 5, 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Batts, Denise Watson (Hulyo 10, 2006). "Witch of Pungo pardoned by governor after 300 years". The Virginian-Pilot. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong Mayo 24, 2008. Nakuha noong Agosto 10, 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Burr, George Lincoln (1914). Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases 1648–1706. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong 2010-08-20. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Burstein, Sona Rose (Setyembre 1961). "Some Modern Books on Witchcraft". Folklore. London: Folklore Society. 72 (3): 520. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1961.9717297. JSTOR 1258580. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Butler, Jon (Abril 1979). "Magic, Astrology, and the Early American Religious Heritage, 1600-1760". The American Historical Review. Oxford: Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Historical Association. 84 (2): 317–46. doi:10.2307/1855136. JSTOR 1855136. PMID 11610526.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Campbell, Beverly (Disyembre 30, 1934). "When Virginia Ducked Milady Witch". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong Oktubre 29, 2013. Nakuha noong Agosto 5, 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Cleavelin, Mary Beth (2014). "Witch of Pungo's church dedicates marker to her". hamptonroads.com. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong Nobiyembre 18, 2014. Nakuha noong October 22, 2014. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |archive-date= (tulong); Invalid |ref=harv (tulong)
• Cushing, Jonathan Peter (1833). "Record of the Trial of Grace Sherwood in 1705 Princess Anne County for Witchcraft". Collections of the Virginia Historical and Philosophical Society. Bol. 95. Richmond, VA: Virginia Historical and Philosophical Society. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings.
• Chewning, Alpheus J. (2006). Haunted Virginia Beach. Charleston, SC: History Press. ISBN 978-1-59629-188-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Davis, Richard Beale (Abril 1979). "The Devil in Virginia in the Seventeenth Century". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. Richmond, VA: Virginia Historical Society. 65 (2): 131–47. JSTOR 4246295.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Department of Public Libraries (2006). "4. Witches and Witchcraft". The Beach: A History of Virginia Beach, Virginia (ika-3rd (na) edisyon). Virginia Beach, VA: City of Virginia Beach. ISBN 978-0-9779570-0-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Dunphy, Janet (Agosto 13, 1994). "Rural Charm Meets City Splendor". The Virginian-Pilot. Landmark Communications.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Gibson, Marion (2007). Witchcraft Myths in American Culture. Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-97977-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Hill, Christopher (1972). The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas during the English Revolution. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0-14-013732-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Hume, Ivor Noël (2005). Something from the Cellar. Williamsburg, VA: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. ISBN 978-0-87935-229-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• James, Edward W. (Oktubre 1894). "Grace Sherwood, the Virginia Witch". William and Mary Quarterly. Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary. 3 (2). JSTOR 1914583.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings.
• James, Edward W. (Enero 1895). "Grace Sherwood, the Virginia Witch". William and Mary Quarterly. Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary. 3 (3). JSTOR 1914774.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings.
• James, Edward W. (Abril 1895). "Grace Sherwood, the Virginia Witch". William and Mary Quarterly. Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary. 3 (4). JSTOR 1915288.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings.
• James, Edward W. (Hulyo 1895). "Grace Sherwood, the Virginia Witch". William and Mary Quarterly. Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary. 4 (1). JSTOR 1916177.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings.
• Nash, Belinda; Sheets, Danielle (2012). A Place in Time: The Age of the Witch of Pungo. Virginia Beach, VA: W. S. Dawson Company. ISBN 1-57000-107-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Murphy, Sharon Ann (Pebrero 27, 2017). "Early American Colonists Had a Cash Problem. Here's How They Solved It". Time. Nakuha noong Hulyo 11, 2017. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Newman, Lindsey M. (Abril 3, 2009). Under an Ill Tongue: Witchcraft and Religion in Seventeenth-Century Virginia (PDF) (Tisis). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal (PDF) noong Marso 31, 2012. Nakuha noong Agosto 5, 2013.{{cite thesis}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Ruegsegger, Bob (Oktubre 30, 1999). "Virginia's 'Witch of Pungo': Accused Remembered as Colony's Joan of Arc". The Free Lance–Star. Nakuha noong Agosto 20, 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Seltzer, Richard. "Grace Sherwood, the witch of Virginia". Samizdat. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong Hulyo 25, 2014. Nakuha noong Agosto 5, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) Note: this is a transcript in modern English, with shorthand expanded, of the Burr book.
• Shapira, Ian (Hulyo 12, 2006). "After Toil and Trouble, 'Witch' Is Cleared". The Washington Post. Nakuha noong Agosto 10, 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Witkowski, Monica C. (Agosto 15, 2012). "Grace Sherwood (ca. 1660–1740)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities. Nakuha noong Agosto 5, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Yarsinske, Amy Waters (2002). Virginia Beach: A History of Virginia's Golden Shore. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-2402-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• "The Good Luck Horseshoe". William and Mary Quarterly. Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary. 17 (4). 1909. JSTOR 1915528.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• "Grace Sherwood – The One Virginia Witch". Harper's New Monthly Magazine. New York: Harper & Brothers. 69. Hunyo–Nobyembre 1884.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• "Grace Sherwood & The Witch of Pungo". Princess Anne County/Virginia Beach Historical Society. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong Hunyo 24, 2016. Nakuha noong Agosto 5, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• "Grace Sherwood – the Witch of Pungo (1660–1740)". Old Donation Episcopal Church. 2010. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong Abril 12, 2012. Nakuha noong Agosto 15, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• "The Haunting of Witchduck Road". Virginiabeach.com. Nakuha noong Agosto 5, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• "Interstate 264 Virginia". Interstate Guide. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong Hulyo 8, 2014. Nakuha noong Agosto 5, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• "Pardoning the Witches". Wethersfield Historical Society. Hunyo 20, 2012. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong Nobyembre 3, 2013. Nakuha noong Agosto 10, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• "Pungo". Princess Anne County/Virginia Beach Historical Society. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong Enero 20, 2010. Nakuha noong Agosto 5, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• "Va. Woman Seeks to Clear Witch of Pungo". USA Today. Associated Press. Hulyo 9, 2006. Nakuha noong Agosto 5, 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• "Virginia Beach History Guide". Vabeach.com. Nakuha noong Agosto 5, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• "The Witch of Pungo: 300 Years After Her Conviction, Governor Restores Grace Sherwood's Good Name". Virginia Historical Society. 2006. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong Nobyembre 13, 2012. Nakuha noong Agosto 17, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• "Witchcraft in Virginia". William and Mary Quarterly. Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary. 1 (3). Enero 1893. JSTOR 1939689.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

Mababasa pa lalo

• Bond, Edward (2000). Damned Souls in a Tobacco Colony: Religion in Seventeenth-Century Virginia. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press. ISBN 0-86554-708-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Gilbert, Lillie; Nash, Belinda; Norred-Williams, Deni (2004). Ghosts, Witches & Weird Tales Of Virginia Beach. Virginia Beach, VA: Eco Images. ISBN 0-938423-12-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Hardy, Michael; Geroux, Bill (Hulyo 11, 2006). "Ding dong, the stigma's gone". Richmond Times-Dispatch.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Kyle, Louisa Venable (Nobyembre 1973). The Witch of Pungo, and Other Historical Stories of the Early Colonies. Virginia Beach, VA: Four O'Clock Farms. ISBN 978-0-927044-00-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Levermore, C. H.; Burr, George L.; Jameson, J. Franklin (Oktubre 1914). "Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases, 1648-1706 by George L. Burr". American Historical Review. Bloomington, IN: American Historical Association. 20 (1): 164–166. doi:10.2307/1836141. JSTOR 1836141.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Norton, Mary Beth; Ray, Benjamin (Setyembre 2003). "Salem Witch Trials Documentary Archive and Transcription Project by Benjamin Ray". The Journal of American History. Bloomington, IN: Organization of American Historians. 90 (2): 747–748. doi:10.2307/3659596. JSTOR 3659596.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) Note: Discusses Burr's work
• Weisman, Richard (1985). Witchcraft, Magic and Religion in 17th-Century Massachusetts. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 0-87023-494-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Writer's Program of the Works Projects Administration of the State of Virginia (1941). Virginia: A Guide to the Old Dominion. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-1-60354-045-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• "Grace Sherwood". Ferry Plantation. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong Oktubre 13, 2014. Nakuha noong Agosto 5, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• "Notes and Queries". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. Richmond, VA: Virginia Historical Society. 34 (3): 278–279. Hulyo 1926. JSTOR 4244097.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

Mga panlabas na kawing

• May kaugnay na midya ang Grace Sherwood sa Wikimedia Commons