Presidimyo

Praseodymium, ₅₉Pr
Praseodymium
Bigkas	/ˌpreɪziːəˈdɪmiəm/ (PRAY-zee-ə-DIM-ee)
Appearance	grayish white
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Pr)
	140.90766±0.00001; 140.91±0.01 (pinaikli);
Praseodymium sa talahanayang peryodiko
	cerium ← praseodymium → neodymium
Atomikong bilang (Z)	59
Group	n/a
Period	6
Block	f-block
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f3 6s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 21, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solido
Melting point	1204 K (931 °C, 1708 °F)
Boiling point	3403 K (3130 °C, 5666 °F)
Density (at 20° C)	6.773 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	6.50 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	6.89 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	331 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	27.20 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (isang katamtamang panimulang oksido)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.13
Ionization energies	1st: 527 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1020 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 2086 kJ/mol ; ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 182 pm
Covalent radius	203±7 pm
	Mga linyang espektral ng praseodymium
Other properties
Crystal structure	double hexagonal close-packed (dhcp) (hP4)
Lattice constants	a = 0.36723 nm; c = 1.18328 nm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	4.5×10−6/K (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity	12.5 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	poly: 0.700 µΩ⋅m (at r.t.)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	+5010.0×10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)
Young's modulus	37.3 GPa
Shear modulus	14.8 GPa
Bulk modulus	28.8 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	2280 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio	0.281
Vickers hardness	250–745 MPa
Brinell hardness	250–640 MPa
CAS Number	7440-10-0
History
Discovery	Carl Auer von Welsbach (1885)
Isotopes of praseodymium t; b;
ε	142Ce
	Kategorya: Praseodymium; tingnan; usapan; baguhin; \| references

Ang Praseodimyo o Praseodymium ay isang elementong kimikal na may simbolong Pr at bilang atomikong 59. Ang Praseodimyo ay isang malambot, mapilak, maleable at duktilong metal sa pangkat lantanido. Ito ay labis na reaktibo na matatagpuan sa likas na anyo at kapag inihandang artipisyal ay mabagal na bumubuo ng isang luntiang oksidong pagpapahid. Ang elementong ito ay ipinangalan para sa kulay ng pangunahing oksido nito. Noong 1841, kinuha ng kimikong Swedish si Carl Gustav Mosander ang isang bihirang mundong oksidong labi na kanyang tinawag na "didymium" mula sa isang labi kanyang "lantana" na hinawalay naman mula sa asing seryo. Noong 1885, hiniawalay ng kimikong Austriyano na si Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach ang didymium sa dalawang mga asin ng magkakaibang mga kulay na kanyang tinawag na praseodymium at neodymium. Ang pangalang praseodymium ay nagmula sa salitang Griyegong prasios (πράσιος) na nangangahulugang luntian at didymos (δίδυμος) na nangangahulugang kambal. Tulad ng karamihang mga elementong bihirang mundo, ang praseodymium ay pinakahandang bumubuo ng tribalenteng Pr(III) mga ion. Ang mga ito ay dilaw-luntian sa solusyong tubig at iba't ibang mga lilim ng dilaw-bered kapag isinama sa mga salamin. Marami sa mga gamit industriyal ng praseodimyo ay kinasasangkutan ng panalang liwanag na dilay mula sa mga pinagmulang liwanag.

Talababa

↑ The thermal expansion is highly anisotropic: the parameters (at 20 °C) for each crystal axis are α_a = 1.4×10⁻⁶/K, α_c = 10.8×10⁻⁶/K, and α_average = α_V/3 = 4.5×10⁻⁶/K.

Mga sanggunian

↑ "praseodymium". Oxford English Dictionary (sa wikang Ingles) (ika-3 (na) edisyon). Oxford University Press. Setyembre 2005.
↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Praseodymium" (sa wikang Ingles). CIAAW. 2017.
↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (sa wikang Ingles). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
↑ Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry (sa wikang Ingles). 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.
↑ Chen, Xin; atbp. (2019-12-13). "Lanthanides with Unusually Low Oxidation States in the PrB^3– and PrB^4– Boride Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry (sa wikang Ingles). 58 (1): 411–418. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02572. PMID 30543295.
↑ Jackson, M. (2000). "Magnetism of Rare Earth" (PDF). The IRM quarterly. 10 (3): 1.
↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
↑ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[7] The thermal expansion is highly anisotropic: the parameters (at 20 °C) for each crystal axis are α_a = 1.4×10⁻⁶/K, α_c = 10.8×10⁻⁶/K, and α_average = α_V/3 = 4.5×10⁻⁶/K.

[1] "praseodymium". Oxford English Dictionary (sa wikang Ingles) (ika-3 (na) edisyon). Oxford University Press. Setyembre 2005.

[2] "Standard Atomic Weights: Praseodymium" (sa wikang Ingles). CIAAW. 2017.

[CIAAW2021-3] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (sa wikang Ingles). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[Arblaster_2018-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.

[Cloke1993-5] Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry (sa wikang Ingles). 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.

[6] Chen, Xin; atbp. (2019-12-13). "Lanthanides with Unusually Low Oxidation States in the PrB^3– and PrB^4– Boride Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry (sa wikang Ingles). 58 (1): 411–418. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02572. PMID 30543295.

[jackson-8] Jackson, M. (2000). "Magnetism of Rare Earth" (PDF). The IRM quarterly. 10 (3): 1.

[9] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[NUBASE2020-10] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

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