Karbon
elementong kimikal, simbolong C at atomikong bilang 6
(Idinirekta mula sa Carbon)
Ang karbono (Ingles: carbon) ay isang elementong kimikal sa talahanayang peryodiko na sinasagisag ng simbolong C at nagtataglay ng atomikong bilang 6.
 Graphite (left) and diamond (right), two allotropes of carbon | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carbon | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Allotropes | grapito, diyamante at marami pa (tingnan ang mga alotropo ng karbon) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance |
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| Standard atomic weight Ar°(C) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carbon sa talahanayang peryodiko | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Atomikong bilang (Z) | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group | 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Period | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Block | p-block | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [He] 2s2 2p2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phase at STP | solido | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sublimation point | 3915 K (3642 °C, 6588 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (near r.t.) | graphite: 2.266 g/cm3[3][4] diamond: 3.515 g/cm3 amorphous: 1.8–2.1 g/cm3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Triple point | 4600 K, 10,800 kPa[5][6] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of fusion | graphite: 117 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Molar heat capacity | graphite: 8.517 J/(mol·K) diamond: 6.155 J/(mol·K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1,[7] +2, +3,[8] +4[9] (isang katamtamang asidikong oksido) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 2.55 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies |
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| Covalent radius | sp3: 77 pm sp2: 73 pm sp: 69 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Van der Waals radius | 170 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Other properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Natural occurrence | primordiyal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | graphite: simple hexagonal (hP4) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lattice constants |  c = 670.94 pm (at 20 °C)[3] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | diamond: face-centered diamond-cubic (cF8) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lattice constant |  (at 20 °C)[3] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal expansion | diamond: 0.8 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)[10] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | graphite: 119–165 W/(m⋅K) diamond: 900–2300 W/(m⋅K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical resistivity | graphite: 7.837 µΩ⋅m[11] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic[12] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Molar magnetic susceptibility | diamond: −5.9×10−6 cm3/mol[13] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Young's modulus | diamond: 1050 GPa[10] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shear modulus | diamond: 478 GPa[10] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulk modulus | diamond: 442 GPa[10] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Speed of sound thin rod | diamond: 18,350 m/s (at 20 °C) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poisson ratio | diamond: 0.1[10] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mohs hardness | graphite: 1–2 diamond: 10 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS Number |
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| History | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Discovery | Egyptians and Sumerians[14] (3750 BCE) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Recognized as an element by | Antoine Lavoisier[15] (1789) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Isotopes of carbon | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Matatagpuan ang karbon sa lahat ng organikong buhay at ang batayan ng organikong kimika. May interesadong katangiang kimikal ang hindi metal na elementong ito na maaaring ikawi sa sarili nito at sa malawak na iba't ibang mga elemento, binubuo ang halos 10 milyong mga kompuwesto. Kapag sinama sa oksihena, binubuo ang dioksido karbono (carbon dioxide) na napakahalaga para sa paglago ng isang halaman. Kapag sinama sa idroheno, binubuo ito ng mga iba't ibang mga kompuwesto na tinatawag na mga idrokarburo (hydrocarbons) na mahalaga para sa industriya sa anyo ng mga fossil fuel (panggatong fossil). Kapag pinagsama sa parehong oksihena at idroheno, bumubuo ito ng mga iba't ibang mga kompuwesto kabilang ang mga matatabang asido, na mahalaga sa buhay, at mga ester, na nabigigay lasa sa maraming mga prutas. Karaniwang ginagamit sa radyoaktibong pagtataya ang karbon-14 na isotope.
Mga sanggunian
baguhin- ↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Carbon" (sa wikang Ingles). CIAAW. 2009.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (sa wikang Ingles). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Lide, D. R., pat. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (ika-86th (na) edisyon). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon. 14 (6): 357–361. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon. 43 (6): 1115–1142. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical" (PDF) (sa wikang Ingles). Nakuha noong 2007-12-06.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP" (PDF) (sa wikang Ingles). Nakuha noong 2007-12-06.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "Carbon: Binary compounds" (sa wikang Ingles). Nakuha noong 2007-12-06.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database
- ↑ "Material Properties- Misc Materials". www.nde-ed.org. Nakuha noong 12 Nobyembre 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
- ↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. Nakuha noong 2008-09-12.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Senese, Fred (2000-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. Nakuha noong 2007-11-24.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)