Lantano

Lanthanum, ₅₇La
Lanthanum
Bigkas	/ˈlænθənəm/ (LAN-thən-əm)
Appearance	silvery white
Standard atomic weight Ar°(La)
	138.90547±0.00007; 138.91±0.01 (pinaikli);
Lanthanum sa talahanayang peryodiko
	barium ← lanthanum → cerium
Atomikong bilang (Z)	57
Group	n/a
Period	6
Block	f-block
Electron configuration	[Xe] 5d1 6s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 18, 9, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solido
Melting point	1193 K (920 °C, 1688 °F)
Boiling point	3737 K (3464 °C, 6267 °F)
Density (at 20° C)	6.145 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	5.94 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	6.20 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	400 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	27.11 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	0, +1, +2, +3 (isang matapang na panimulang oksido)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.10
Ionization energies	1st: 538.1 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1067 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 1850.3 kJ/mol ; ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 187 pm
Covalent radius	207±8 pm
	Mga linyang espektral ng lanthanum
Other properties
Crystal structure	α form: double hexagonal close-packed (dhcp) (hP4)
Lattice constants	a = 0.37742 nm; c = 1.2171 nm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	5.1×10−6/K (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity	13.4 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	α, poly: 615 nΩ⋅m (at r.t.)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	+118.0×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)
Young's modulus	α form: 36.6 GPa
Shear modulus	α form: 14.3 GPa
Bulk modulus	α form: 27.9 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	2475 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio	α form: 0.280
Mohs hardness	2.5
Vickers hardness	360–1750 MPa
Brinell hardness	350–400 MPa
CAS Number	7439-91-0
History
Discovery	Carl Gustaf Mosander (1838)
Isotopes of lanthanum t; b;
β−	138Ce
	Kategorya: Lanthanum; tingnan; usapan; baguhin; \| references

Ang Lanatano o Lanthanum ay isang elementong kimikal na may simbolong La at bilang atomiko na 57. Ito ay isang mapilak na putong elementong metaliko na kabilang sa pangkat 3 ng talaang peryodiko at ang unang elemento ng seryeng lantanido. Ito ay matatagpuan sa ilang mga bihirang mundong mineral na karaniwang kasama ng seryo at iba ng mga bihirang elementong mundo. Ang lantano ay maleable, duktilo at malambot na metal na nag-ooksidong mabilis kapag nalantad sa hanging. Ito ay nalilikha mula sa mga mineral na monasita at bastnäsite gamit ang masalimuot na maraming yugtong proseso ng ekstraksiyon. Ang mga kompuwestong lantano ay may maraming mga aplikasyon bilang mga katalista, mga aditibo sa salamin, pag-iilaw na karbono sa pag-iilaw ng studio at proheksiyon, ignisyon ng mga elemento sa mga lighter at mga tanglaw, mga mainit na katodo, mga sintilador at iba pa. Ang karbonatang lantano (La₂(CO₃)₃) ay inaprobahan bilang gamot laban sa pagkabigo ng bato.

Talababa

↑ The thermal expansion of α-La is anisotropic: the parameters (at 20 °C) for each crystal axis are α_a = 2.9×10⁻⁶/K, α_c = 9.5×10⁻⁶/K, and α_average = α_V/3 = 5.1×10⁻⁶/K.^[3]

Mga sanggunian

↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Lanthanum" (sa wikang Ingles). CIAAW. 2005.
↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (sa wikang Ingles). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
↑ Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry (sa wikang Ingles). 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.
↑ La(I), Pr(I), Tb(I), Tm(I), and Yb(I) have been observed in MB₈⁻ clusters; see Li, Wan-Lu; Chen, Teng-Teng; Chen, Wei-Jia; Li, Jun; Wang, Lai-Sheng (2021). "Monovalent lanthanide(I) in borozene complexes". Nature Communications (sa wikang Ingles). 12: 6467. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26785-9.
↑ Lide, D. R., pat. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (ika-86th (na) edisyon). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
↑ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[6] The thermal expansion of α-La is anisotropic: the parameters (at 20 °C) for each crystal axis are α_a = 2.9×10⁻⁶/K, α_c = 9.5×10⁻⁶/K, and α_average = α_V/3 = 5.1×10⁻⁶/K.^[3]

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Lanthanum" (sa wikang Ingles). CIAAW. 2005.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (sa wikang Ingles). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[Arblaster_2018-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.

[Cloke1993-4] Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry (sa wikang Ingles). 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.

[LnI-5] La(I), Pr(I), Tb(I), Tm(I), and Yb(I) have been observed in MB₈⁻ clusters; see Li, Wan-Lu; Chen, Teng-Teng; Chen, Wei-Jia; Li, Jun; Wang, Lai-Sheng (2021). "Monovalent lanthanide(I) in borozene complexes". Nature Communications (sa wikang Ingles). 12: 6467. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26785-9.

[magnet-7] Lide, D. R., pat. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (ika-86th (na) edisyon). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[8] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[NUBASE2020-9] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

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