Tingga

Lead, ₈₂Pb
Lead
Bigkas	/ˈlɛd/ (led)
Appearance	metallic gray
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Pb)
	[206.14, 207.94]; 207.2±1.1 (pinaikli);
Lead sa talahanayang peryodiko
	thallium ← lead → bismuth
Atomikong bilang (Z)	82
Group	14
Period	6
Block	p-block
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solido
Melting point	600.61 K (327.46 °C, 621.43 °F)
Boiling point	2022 K (1749 °C, 3180 °F)
Density (at 20° C)	11.348 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	10.66 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	4.77 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	179.5 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	26.650 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (isang anpoterong oksido)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.33 (in +4), 1.87 (in +2)
Ionization energies	1st: 715.6 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1450.5 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 3081.5 kJ/mol ; ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 175 pm
Covalent radius	146±5 pm
Van der Waals radius	202 pm
	Mga linyang espektral ng lead
Other properties
Crystal structure	face-centered cubic (fcc) (cF4)
Lattice constant	a = 494.99 pm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	28.73×10−6/K (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity	35.3 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	208 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	−23.0×10−6 cm3/mol (at 298 K)
Young's modulus	16 GPa
Shear modulus	5.6 GPa
Bulk modulus	46 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	1190 m/s (at r.t.) (annealed)
Poisson ratio	0.44
Mohs hardness	1.5
Brinell hardness	38–50 MPa
CAS Number	7439-92-1
History
Discovery	Middle East (7000 BCE)
Symbol	"Pb": from Latin na plumbum
Isotopes of lead t; b;
	Kategorya: Lead; tingnan; usapan; baguhin; \| references

Ang tingga (Ingles: lead) ay isang elementong gumagamit sa sagisag na Pb (Latin: plumbum) at bilang atomikong 82. Isang ito malambot, mahinang klase, at natutuping metal ngunit kabilang ito sa grupo ng mga mabibigat na metal. Kulay bughaw na may puti ang sariwang-hiwa na tingga pero nagiging abo ang kulay nito kapag na hanginan. Nagiging tila pilak ito kapag natunaw.

Ginagamit ang tingga sa paggawa ng mga gusali, mga baterya, mga bala, mga pabigat, bahagi ng mga hinalong mga metal, at pananggalang ng radyasyon. Ito ang may pinakamataas na bilang atomiko sa lahat ng mga matatatag na elemento, ngunit ang ikalawang may pinakamataas na bilang, ang bismuto, ay may half-life o kalahating-buhay na napakahaba (mas mahaba pa sa edad ng kalawakan) na aaari din itong ituring na matatag. Ang apat nitong matatag na isotopyo ay mayroong 82 na proton, isang "mahiwagang numero" sa modelong nukleyar na balat (nuclear shell model) ng mga nukleong atomiko (atomic nuclei).^[8]

Nakalalason ang tingga sa mga hayop sa mga pamamaraang pagsira nito sa sistemang pang-ugat at sa pagdulot nito ng mga sakit sa utak. Nakakagawa din ito ng mga sakit sa dugo sa mga hayop. Gaya ng asoge, isa ring mabigat na metal, mabisang lason sa ugat o neurotoxin ang tingga na naiipon sa mga malalambot na laman at sa mga buto. Ang pagkalason sa tingga ay naiulat na sa kasaysayan ng Roma, Gresya, at Tsina.

Mga sanggunian

↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Lead" (sa wikang Ingles). CIAAW. 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (sa wikang Ingles). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ Pb(0) carbonyls have been observered in reaction between lead atoms and carbon monoxide; see Ling, Jiang; Qiang, Xu (2005). "Observation of the lead carbonyls Pb_nCO (n=1–4): Reactions of lead atoms and small clusters with carbon monoxide in solid argon". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 122 (3): 034505 (sa wikang Ingles). 122 (3): 34505. Bibcode:2005JChPh.122c4505J. doi:10.1063/1.1834915. ISSN 0021-9606. PMID 15740207. {{cite journal}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ Weast, Astle & Beyer 1983, p. E110.
↑ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ Meija et al. 2016.
↑ Puigdomenech, Ignasi (2004). Hydra/Medusa Chemical Equilibrium Database and Plotting Software. KTH Royal Institute of Technology. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong 2007-09-29. Nakuha noong 2010-11-04.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Lead" (sa wikang Ingles). CIAAW. 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (sa wikang Ingles). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[Arblaster_2018-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[4] Pb(0) carbonyls have been observered in reaction between lead atoms and carbon monoxide; see Ling, Jiang; Qiang, Xu (2005). "Observation of the lead carbonyls Pb_nCO (n=1–4): Reactions of lead atoms and small clusters with carbon monoxide in solid argon". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 122 (3): 034505 (sa wikang Ingles). 122 (3): 34505. Bibcode:2005JChPh.122c4505J. doi:10.1063/1.1834915. ISSN 0021-9606. PMID 15740207. {{cite journal}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[FOOTNOTEWeastAstleBeyer1983E110-5] Weast, Astle & Beyer 1983, p. E110.

[NUBASE2020-6] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[FOOTNOTEMeijaCoplenBerglundBrand2016-7] Meija et al. 2016.

[medusa-8] Puigdomenech, Ignasi (2004). Hydra/Medusa Chemical Equilibrium Database and Plotting Software. KTH Royal Institute of Technology. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong 2007-09-29. Nakuha noong 2010-11-04.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

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