Karbon

Carbon, ₆C
	Graphite (left) and diamond (right), two allotropes of carbon
Carbon
Allotropes	grapito, diyamante at marami pa (tingnan ang mga alotropo ng karbon)
Appearance	graphite: black, metallic-looking; diamond: clear;
Standard atomic weight Ar°(C)
	[12.0096, 12.0116]; 12.011±0.002 (pinaikli);
Carbon sa talahanayang peryodiko
	boron ← carbon → nitrogen
Atomikong bilang (Z)	6
Group	14
Period	2
Block	p-block
Electron configuration	[He] 2s2 2p2
Electrons per shell	2, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solido
Sublimation point	3915 K (3642 °C, 6588 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	graphite: 2.266 g/cm3 ; diamond: 3.515 g/cm3 ; amorphous: 1.8–2.1 g/cm3
Triple point	4600 K, 10,800 kPa
Heat of fusion	graphite: 117 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	graphite: 8.517 J/(mol·K) ; diamond: 6.155 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (isang katamtamang asidikong oksido)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.55
Ionization energies	1st: 1086.5 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 2352.6 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 4620.5 kJ/mol ; (more) ;
Covalent radius	sp3: 77 pm; sp2: 73 pm; sp: 69 pm
Van der Waals radius	170 pm
	Mga linyang espektral ng carbon
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordiyal
Crystal structure	graphite: simple hexagonal (hP4)
Lattice constants	a = 246.14 pm; c = 670.94 pm; (at 20 °C)
Crystal structure	diamond: face-centered diamond-cubic (cF8)
Lattice constant	a = 356.707 pm; (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	diamond: 0.8 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	graphite: 119–165 W/(m⋅K) ; diamond: 900–2300 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	graphite: 7.837 µΩ⋅m
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	diamond: −5.9×10−6 cm3/mol
Young's modulus	diamond: 1050 GPa
Shear modulus	diamond: 478 GPa
Bulk modulus	diamond: 442 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	diamond: 18,350 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio	diamond: 0.1
Mohs hardness	graphite: 1–2 ; diamond: 10
CAS Number	atomic carbon: 7440-44-0; graphite: 7782-42-5; diamond: 7782-40-3;
History
Discovery	Egyptians and Sumerians (3750 BCE)
Recognized as an element by	Antoine Lavoisier (1789)
Isotopes of carbon t; b;
	Kategorya: Carbon; tingnan; usapan; baguhin; \| references

Ang karbono (Ingles: carbon) ay isang elementong kimikal sa talahanayang peryodiko na sinasagisag ng simbolong C at nagtataglay ng atomikong bilang 6.

Matatagpuan ang karbon sa lahat ng organikong buhay at ang batayan ng organikong kimika. May interesadong katangiang kimikal ang hindi metal na elementong ito na maaaring ikawi sa sarili nito at sa malawak na iba't ibang mga elemento, binubuo ang halos 10 milyong mga kompuwesto. Kapag sinama sa oksihena, binubuo ang dioksido karbono (carbon dioxide) na napakahalaga para sa paglago ng isang halaman. Kapag sinama sa idroheno, binubuo ito ng mga iba't ibang mga kompuwesto na tinatawag na mga idrokarburo (hydrocarbons) na mahalaga para sa industriya sa anyo ng mga fossil fuel (panggatong fossil). Kapag pinagsama sa parehong oksihena at idroheno, bumubuo ito ng mga iba't ibang mga kompuwesto kabilang ang mga matatabang asido, na mahalaga sa buhay, at mga ester, na nabigigay lasa sa maraming mga prutas. Karaniwang ginagamit sa radyoaktibong pagtataya ang karbon-14 na isotope.

Mga sanggunian

↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Carbon" (sa wikang Ingles). CIAAW. 2009.
↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (sa wikang Ingles). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
↑ Lide, D. R., pat. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (ika-86th (na) edisyon). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
↑ Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon. 14 (6): 357–361. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.
↑ Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon. 43 (6): 1115–1142. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.
↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical" (PDF) (sa wikang Ingles). Nakuha noong 2007-12-06.
↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP" (PDF) (sa wikang Ingles). Nakuha noong 2007-12-06.
↑ "Carbon: Binary compounds" (sa wikang Ingles). Nakuha noong 2007-12-06.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database
↑ "Material Properties- Misc Materials". www.nde-ed.org. Nakuha noong 12 November 2016.
↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.
↑ "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. Nakuha noong 2008-09-12.
↑ Senese, Fred (2000-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. Nakuha noong 2007-11-24.

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Carbon" (sa wikang Ingles). CIAAW. 2009.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (sa wikang Ingles). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[Arblaster_2018-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.

[CRC-4] Lide, D. R., pat. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (ika-86th (na) edisyon). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[triple2-5] Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon. 14 (6): 357–361. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.

[triple3-6] Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon. 43 (6): 1115–1142. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.

[7] "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical" (PDF) (sa wikang Ingles). Nakuha noong 2007-12-06.

[8] "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP" (PDF) (sa wikang Ingles). Nakuha noong 2007-12-06.

[9] "Carbon: Binary compounds" (sa wikang Ingles). Nakuha noong 2007-12-06.

[ioffe-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database

[11] "Material Properties- Misc Materials". www.nde-ed.org. Nakuha noong 12 November 2016.

[12] Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.

[13] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.

[14] "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. Nakuha noong 2008-09-12.

[15] Senese, Fred (2000-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. Nakuha noong 2007-11-24.

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